land is thickly timbered with birch, sugar-maple, ash, butter-nut, and white oak of an excellent quality. The soil is well fitted for wheat, rye, barley, oats, flax, hemp, &c. TRADE AND MANUFACTURES.] The inhabitants of this state trade principally with Boston, New York, and Hartford. The articles of export are pot and pearl ashes; beef, which is the principal article; horses, grain, some butter and cheese, lumber, &c. Vast quantities of pot and pearl ashes are made in every part of this state: but one of its most important manufactures is that of maple-sugar. It has been estimated by a competent judge, that the average quantity made for every family back of Connecticut river, is 200lb. a year. One man, with but ordinary advantages, in one month, made 550lb. of a quality equal to imported brown sugar. In two towns in Orange county, containing no more than forty families, 13,000lb. of sugar were made in the year 1791. POPULATION AND RELIGION.] In 1790, according to the census then taken, this state contained 85,539 inhabitants, consisting chiefly of emigrants from Connecticut and Massachusetts, and their descendents. Two townships in Orange county are settled principally by Scotch. The body of the people are congregationalists; the other denominations are presbyterians, baptists, and episcopalians. This state is rapidly peopling. CHIEF TOWNS.] In a new and interior country, large populous towns are not to be expected. Bennington, situated near the south-west corner of the state, is one of the largest. It contains about 2400 inhabitants, a number of handsome houses, a congregational church, a courthouse and gaol. Windsor and Rutland, by a late act of the legislature, are alternately to be the seat of government for eight years. The former is situated on Connecticut river, and contains about 1600 inhabitants; the latter lies upon Otter creek, and contains upwards of 1 100 inhabitants. Both are flourishing towns. HISTORY.] The tract of country called Vermont, before the late war, was claimed both by New York and New Hampshire; and these interfering claims have been the occasion of much warm altercation. They were not finally adjusted till since the peace. When hostilities commenced between Great Britain and the colonies, the inhabitants of this district, considering themselves as in a state of nature, and not within the jurisdiction either of New York or New Hampshire, associated, and formed a constitution for themselves. Under this constitution they have continued to exercise all the powers of an independent state, and have prospered. On the 4th of March, 1791, agreeably to act of congress of December 6th, 1790, this state became one of the United States, and constitutes the fourteenth, and not the least respectable pillar of the American Union. CONSTITUTION.] The legislature consists of a house of representatives, and a council of twelve, besides the governor, who is president, and the lieutenant-governor, who is officially a member. The freemen meet annually in their several towns to choose the governor, counsellors, and other magistrates; and to the privilege of voting, all males, twentyone years old, and of peaceable dispositions, are entitled, after taking the oath of fidelity to the state. The judges of the supreme and county courts, sheriffs, and justices of the peace, are appointed annually, by joint ballot of the council and house. The council may originate bills, other than money-bills, and suspend till the next Session such bills as 196 Length 168 Breadth from 90 to 19 between 42-41 and 45-11 North latitude 9,500 BOUNDARIES.] NEW Hampshire is bounded by Lower Canada on the North; by the district of Maine on the East; by Massachusetts on the South; and by Connecticut river, which separates it from Vermont, on the West. It is divided into five counties as follows: Counties Rockingham Strafford Cheshire Hillsborough Grafton Chief Towns. Portsmouth and Concord Charles-town and Keene Plymouth. RIVERS AND LAKES.] The most considerable rivers of this state are the Connecticut, Merrimack, Piscataqua, Saco, Androscoggin, Upper and Lower Amonoosuck, besides many other smaller streams. The chief lakes are Winnipifcogee, Umbagog, Sunopee, Squam, and Great Ossipee. MOUNTAINS.] New Hampshire is intersected with several ridges of mountains, among which are the Blue Hills, and the lofty ridge which divides the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers, denominated the Height of Land. But the White Mountains, which run through this state, are undoubtedly the highest in all New England. Their height above an adjacent meadow is 3500 feet, and the meadow is $500 above the level of the sea. They are almost continually covered with snow and ice, whence they have received the name of White Mountains. Though they are seventy miles inland, they are visible many leagues off at sea. One of their loftiest summits, which makes a majestic appearance along the shore of Massachusetts, has lately been distinguished by the name of Mount Washington. AIR, SOIL, AND PRODUCE.] The air of New Hampshire is health- diment. On Connecticut river these lands are from a quarter of a mile butter, cheese, hops, esculent roots and plants, flax and hemp, are raised in immense quantities in New Hampshire; which likewise produces great plenty of beef, pork, mutton, and poultry. Apples and pears are the most common fruits in this state; but tree fruit of the first quality cannot be raised in such a northern climate as this without particular attention. The uncultivated lands are covered with extensive forests of pine, fir, cedar, oak, walnut, &c. Several kinds of earths and clays are found in this state. It produces red and yellow ochres, steatites or soap-rock, the best lapis specularis, a kind of tale, commonly called isinglass; crystals, alum, vitriol, freestone, iron ore, and black lead. Some lead and copper ore have been seen; but iron is the only metal which has been wrought to any advantage. POPULATION AND COMMERCE.] The number of inhabitants in New Hampshire, according to the census taken by order of congress in 1790, was 141,885. In 1767, the number was estimated at 52,700. The trade of this state is considerable, though it is not to be ranked among the great commercial states. Its exports consist of lumber, ship-timber, whale-oil, flax-seed, live-stock, beef, pork, Indian corn, pot and pearlashes, &c. In 1790, there belonged to Piscataqua 33 vessels above 100 tons, and 50 under that burden. The value of the exports from that port in 1793 amounted to 198,197 dollars. The bank of Hampshire was established in 1792, with a capital of 60,000 dollars: by an act of assembly the stock-holders can increase it to 200,000 dollars in specie, and 100,000 dollars in any other estate. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES.] The only college in this state is at Hanover, called Dartmouth-college, which is amply endowed with lands, and is in a flourishing situation. The principal academies are those of Exeter, New Ipswich, Atkinson, and Amherst. CHIEF TOWNS.] Portsmouth is the metropolis, and the largest town in New Hampshire. Its harbour is one of the finest on the continent, having a sufficient depth of water for vessels of any burden, and being so well defended against storms by the land that ships may securely ride there in any season of the year. Concord is a very flourishing town, pleasantly situated on the Merrimack river. The legislature of late have commonly held their sessions here; and, from its central situation and a thriving back country, it will probably become the permanent seat of governinent. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT.] This state first began to be settled about the year 1629, and was erected into a separate government in the year 1679, but it seems afterwards to have been under the same governor with Massachusetts; because New Hampshire complained to the king in council against the joint-governor, relative to the boundaries between the two colonies, and, on hearing the complaint, a separate government was appointed in 1740. According to its present constitution, the legislative power, as in the other United States, resides in a senate and house of representatives, which together are here styled the general court, and the supreme executive authority is vested in a governor and council, the latter consisting of five members. Length 1507 between 41-13 and 58-15 north latitude } 48,000 BOUNDARIES.] MASSACHUSETTS, which, with the district of Maine, constitutes one of the United States of America, is bounded ora the North by Vermont and New Hampshire; on the East, by the Atlantic Ocean; on the South, by the Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; and on the West, by New York. This state is divided into seventeen counties: Counties. Suffolk ...... Norfolk Essex Nantucket Chief Towns. S42-23 N. lat. BOSTON 70-59 W. long. Dedham Salem Charles-town Northampton Worcester Plymouth Barnstable Edgarton Nantucket • Middlesex Hampshire Worcester Duke's county Bristol .... Berkshire York ....... Cumberland.... Taunton Stockbridge. District of MAINE. York Portland Pownalborough Lincoln........ Hancock Washington Machias. RIVERS, BAYS, CAPES, AND ISLANDS.] The country is well watered by a number of small rivers, of which the principal are Mystic and Charles rivers. The chief bays are Massachusetts, Ipswich, Boston, Plymouth, and Barnstable; the most remarkable capes, Ann, Cod, Malabar, Poge, and Gay Head: the principal islands, Plumb Island, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Elizabeth islands, and numerous small isles in Boston Bay. CLIMATE, SOIL, AND PRODUCE.] The climate is similar to that of the other northern states. In the district of Maine the heat in summer is intense, and the cold in winter extremely severe. In Massachusetts are to be found all the varieties of soil from very good to very bad; and capable of yielding in abundance all the different productions common to the climate: such as Indian corn, rye, wheat, barley, oats, hemp, fax, hops, potatoes, field-beans and peas, apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, &c. Iron ore, in immense quantities, is found in various parts of this state; as likewise copper ore, black lead, pipe-maker's clay, yellow and red ochre, alum, and slate. Several mineral springs have been found in different parts of the country. POPULATION, COMMERCE, AND MANUFACTURES.] The number of inhabitants in Massachusetts was in 1790, 378,787. This is the only state in the union in which there are no slaves: slavery was abolished by the legislature some years ago. This state, including the district of Maine, owns more than three times as many tons of shipping as any other of the states; and more than one third part of the whole that belongs to the United States. Upwards of 29,000 tons are employed in carrying on the fisheries, 46,000 in the coasting business, and 96,500 in trading with almost all parts of the world. Pot and pearl-ashes, staves, flax-seed, and bees-wax, are carried chiefly to Great Britain, in remittance for their manufactures, masts and provisions to the East Indies; fish, oil, beef, pork, lumber, and candles, are carried to the West Indies for their produce; and the two first articles, fish and oil, to France, Spain, and Portugal; roots, vegetables, and fruits, to Nova Scotia and New Brunswic; hats, sadlery, cabinet-work, men's and women's shoes, nails, tow-cloth, barley, hops, butter, and cheese, to the southern states. The value of exports in the year 1791 was 2,445,975 dollars, and in 1794, 5,380,703 dollars. Great quantities of nails are made in this state. The machine invented by Caleb Leach, of Plymouth, will cut and head 5000 nails in a day, under the direction of a youth of either sex. There is also a machine for cutting nails at Newbury-port, invented by Mr. Jacob Perkins, which will turn out two hundred thousand nails in a day. The nails are said to have a decided superiority over those of English manufacture, and are sold 20 per cent. cheaper. There are in this state upwards of twenty paper-mills, which make more thah 70,000 reams of writing, printing, and wrappingpaper annually. There were, in 1792, 62 distilleries, which distilled in one year from foreign materials 1,900,000 gallons. There are several snuff, oil, chocolate, and powder-mills; there are indeed few articles which are essentially necessary, and minister to the comfort and convenience of life, that are not manufactured in this state. RELIGION AND LEARNING.] There is no established religion in Massachusetts, but every sect of Christians is allowed the free exercise of its religion, and is equally under the protection of the laws. In May 1780, the council and house of representatives of Massachusetts passed an act for incorporating and establishing a society for the cultivation and promotion of the arts and sciences. It is entitled the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The first members were named in the act, and never were to be more than two hundred, nor less than forty. There is likewise a university at Cambridge, four miles west of Boston, the college buildings of which are four in number, and named Harvard, Hollis, and Massachusetts Halls, and Holden Chapel. This university generally has from 140 to 200 students; and as to its library, philosophical apparatus, and professorships, is at present the first literary institution on this continent. It takes its date from the year 1638, seven years after the first settlement in the township, then called Newtown. CHIEF TOWNS.] Boston is the capital of this state, and the largest town in New England, and the third in size and rank in the United States. It is built on a peninsula of irregular form, at the bottom of Massachusetts Bay, and is joined to the main-land by an isthmus at the south-end of the town. It is two miles long, but of unequal breadth; the broadest part is 726 yards. In 1790, it contained 2376 dwelling-houses, |