222 TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA, A HUNGARIAN DALMATIA THESE countries appear under one division, for several particularly because we have no account sufficient exce extent and boundaries. The most authentic as tolto-TRASTE VANIA belongs to the House of Austria, en bounder of the Nation by the Carpathian mountains, which divade from Pa by Moldavia and Walachia; on the south by Wate West by Upper and Lower Hungary. It i twenty-six degrees of East longitude, and torty-brea North latitude. Its length is about 180.and its read 10 it experts some metals and salt to Hungary. Thes vereign, to whom of late they have been mad in their caps, according to the number of enemies they pretend to have killed both horse and foot are an excellent militia, very good at a parsuit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to regular troops in a pitched battle. The sovereign may summon the Hungarian nobility to take the field and defend their country. This service is called an insurrectio, and from it the high clergy are not exempt. In the frequent wars in which Hungary was formerly engaged, principally against the Turks, this service was rather a severe obligation. The num ber of combatants each brought into the field was in proportion to his estate. The archbishop of Gran, and the bishop of Erlau, brought each two stands of colours, and under each stand a thousand men; the archbishop of Colocza, and several bishops, a thousand cach. In the fatal battle of Mohatch, seven bishops were left on the field. A general insurrection of this kind was summoned by the emperor in the present war; but the treaty of Campo Formio having been concluded be fore the troops so raised began to act, they returned home. COINS.] Hungary was formerly remarkable for its coinage; and there are still extant, in the cabinets of the curious, a complete series of coins of their former kings. More Greek and Roman medals have been discovered in this country than perhaps in any other in Europe. ARMS.] The emperor, as king of Hungary, for armorial ensigns, bears quarterly, barwise, argent and gules, of eight pieces. HISTORY.] The Huns, after subduing this country in the middle of the third century, communicated their name to it, being then part of the ancient Pannonia. They were succeeded by the furious Goths; the Goths were expelled by the Lombards; they by the Avari; who were followed by the Sclavi in the beginning of the 9th century. At the close of it, the Anigours emigrated from the banks of the Wolga, and took possession of the country. Hungary was formerly an assemblage of different states; and the first who assumed the title of king was Stephen, in the year 997, when he embraced Christianity. In his reign the form of government was established, and the crown rendered elective. About the year 1310, king Charles Robert ascended the throne, and subdued Bulgaria, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Sclavonia, and many other provinces; but many of those conquests were afterwards reduced by the Venetians, Turks, and other powers. In the 15th century, Huniades, who was guardian to the infant king Ladislaus, bravely repulsed the Turks when they invaded Hungary; and upon the death of Ladislaus, the Hungarians, in 1438, raised Matthias Corvinus, son of Huniades, to their throne. Lewis, king of Hungary, in 1526, was killed in a battle, fighting against Solyman, emperor of the Turks. This battle proved almost fatal to Ilungary: but the archduke Ferdinand. brother to the emperor Charles V. having married the sister of Lewis, he claimed the title of Hungary, in which he succeeded with some difficulty; and that kingdom has ever since belonged to the House of Austria, though by its constitution its crown ought to be elective.-For the rest of the Hungarian history, see Germany. TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, CROATIA, AND HUNGARIAN DALMATIA. THESE countries appear under one division, for several reasons, and particularly because we have no account sufficiently exact of their extent and boundaries. The most authentic is as follows:-TRANSYLVANIA belongs to the House of Austria, and is bounded on the North by the Carpathian mountains, which divide it from Poland; on the East by Moldavia and Walachia; on the south by Walachia; and on the West by Upper and Lower Hungary. It lies between twenty-two and twenty-six degrees of East longitude, and forty-five and forty-eight of North latitude. Its length is about 180, and its breadth 120 miles; and contains nearly 14,400 square miles, surrounded on all sides by high mountains. Its produce, vegetables, and animals, are almost the same with those of Hungary. The air is wholesome and temperate; but the wine of this country, though good, is not equal to the Hungarian. Its chief city is Hermanstadt, and its interior government still partakes greatly of the ancient feudal system, being composed of many independent states and princes, who are little more than nominally subject to the Austrians. Papists, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians, Arians, Greeks, Mahometans, and other sectaries, here enjoy their several religions. Transylvania is thought to add but little to the Austrian revenue, though it experts some metals and salt to Hungary. The other large places are Sageswar, Millenback, and Newmark. All sorts of provisions are very cheap, and excellent in their kinds. Hermanstadt is a large, strong, and well-built city, as are Clausenburg and Weissenburg, The seat of goyernment is at Hermanstadt, and the governor is assisted by a council made up of Roman-catholics, Calvinists, and Lutherans. The diet, or parliament, meets by summons, and receives the commands of the sovereign, to whom of late they have been more devoted than formerly. They have a liberty of making remonstrances and representations in case of grievances. Transylvania is part of ancient Dacia, the inhabitants of which long employed the Roman arms before they could be subdued. It was overrun by the Goths on the decline of the Roman empire, and then by the Huns. Their descendants retain the same military character. The population of the country is not ascertained; but if the Transylvanians can bring into the field, as has been asserted, 30,000 troops, the whole number of inhabitants must be considerable. At present, their military force is reduced to six regiments of 1,500 each; but it is well known that, during the last two wars in which the House of Austria was engaged, the Transylvanians did great services. Hermanstadt is its only bishopric; and the Transylvanians at present seem to trouble themselves little either about learning or religion, though the Roman-catholic is the established church. Stephen I. king of Hungary, introduced Christianity there about the year 1000; and it was afterwards governed by an Hungarian vaivod or viceroy. The various revolutions in their government prove their impatience under slavery; and though the treaty of Carlowitz, in 1699, gave the sovereignty of Transylvania, as also of Sclavonia, to the House of Austria, yet the natives enjoy what we may call a loyal aristocracy, which their sovereigns do not think proper to invade. In October, 1784, on account of the real or feigned depredations on those whose conduct had been obnoxious to them. Several had their palaces burnt, and were glad to escape with their lives. The revolters were disappointed in their attempt on Clausenburg; and afterwards offered to separate, and go home in peace, on the terms of a general pardon, better treatment from the nobility, and a freedom from vassalage. Lenient terms were granted to them: and, with the punishment of a few, the insurrection was suppressed. SCLAVONIA lies between the 17th and 21st degrees of east longitude, and the 55th and 46th of north latitude. It is thought to be about 200 miles in length, and 60 in breadth, and contains about 10,000 square miles. It is bounded by the Drave on the North, by the Danube on the East, by the Save on the South, and by Stiria in Austria on the West. The reason why Hungary, Transylvania, Sclavonia, and the other nations subject to the House of Austria in those parts, contain a surprising variety of people, differing in name, language, and manners, is because liberty here made its last stand against the Roman arms, which by degrees forced the remains of the different nations they had conquered into those quarters. The thickness of the woods, the rapi dity of the rivers, and the strength of the country, favoured their resistence; and their descendants, notwithstanding the power of the Turks, the Austrians, the Hungarians, and the Poles, still retain the same spirit of independency. Without regarding the arrangements made by the sovereigns of Europe, they are quiet under the govern ment that leaves them most at liberty. That they are generous as well as brave appears from their attachment to the House of Austria, which, till the last two wars, never was sensible of their value and valour; insomuch that it is well known that they preserved the pragmatic sanction, and kept the Imperial crown in that family. The Sclavonians formerly so much employed the Roman arms, that it is thought the word slave took its origin from them, on account of the great numbers of them who were carried into bondage, so late as the reign of Charlemagne. Though Sclavonia yields neither in beauty nor fertility to Ilungary and Transylvania, yet the ravages of war are still visible in the face of the country, which lies in a great measure unimproved. The Sclavonians are zealous Roman-catholics, though Greeks and Jews are tolerated. Here we meet with two bishoprics; that of Posega, which is the capital of the country, and Zagrab, which lies on the Drave, but we know of no universities. Esseck is a large and strong town, remarkable, as before noticed, for a wooden bridge over the Drave, and adjoining marshes, five miles long and fifteen paces broad, built by the Turks, Waradin and Peterwaradin are places noted in the wars between the Austrians and Turks. The inhabitants are composed of Servians, Radzians, Croats, Walachians, Germans, Hungarians, and a vast number of other people, whose names were never known even to the Austrians themselves, but from the military muster-rolls, when they poured their troops into the field during the last two wars. In 1740. Sclavonia was united to Hungary, and the states send representatives to the dict of Hungary. CROATIA lies between the 15th and 17th degrees of east longitude, and the 45th and 47th of north latitude. It is eighty miles in length. and seventy in breadth, and contains about 2.500 square miles. The manners, government, religion, language, and customs, of the Croats are similar to those of the Sclavonians and Transylvanians, who are their neighbours. They are excellent irregular troops, and, as such, are famed in modern history, under the name of Pandours, and various other desig hations. The truth is, the House of Austria finds its interest in suffering them and the neighbouring nations to live in their own manner. The towns are blended with each other, there scarcely being any distinction of boundaries. Carolstadt is a place of some note, but Zagrab (already mentioned) is the capital of Croatia. All the sove reignty exercised over them by the Austrians seems to consist in the military arrangements for bringing them occasionally into the field. A viceroy presides over Croatia, jointly with Sclavonia, and Hungarian DALMATIA. This lies in the upper part of the Adriatic Sea, and consists of five districts, in which the most remarkable places are the two following: Segna, which is a royal free town, fortified both by nature and art, and situated near the sea, in a bleak, mountainous, and barren soil. The bishop of this place is a suffragan to the archbishop of Spalatro. Here are twelve churches, and two convents, The governor resides in the old palace, called the Royal Castle. 2. Ottoschatz, a frontier fortification on the river Gatzka. That part of the fortress where the governor and the greatest part of the garrison reside is surrounded with a wall and some towers; but the rest of the buildings, which are mean, are erected on piles in the water: so that one neighbour cannot visit another without a boat. Near Segna dwell the Uscocs, a people, who, being galled by oppression, escaped out of Dalmatia; from whence they obtained the name of Uscocs, from the word Scoco, which significs a deserter. They are also called springers, or leapers, from the agility with which they leap, rather than walk, along this rugged and mountainous country. Some of them live in scattered houses, and others in large villages. They are a rough, savage people, large-bodied, courageous, and given to rapine; but their visible employment is grazing, They use the Walachian language, and in their religious sentiments and mode of worship approach nearest to the Greek church; but some of them are Roman-catholics. A part of Walachia belongs also to the emperor as well as to the Turks. It lies to the east of Transylvama, and its principal towns are Tregohitz, Bucharest, and Severin. Containing 160,800 square miles, with 55 inhabitants to each. BOUNDARIES.] BEFORE the late extraordinary partition of this country, the kingdom of Poland, with the great duchy of Lithuania annexed (anciently called Sarmatia), was bounded on the North by Livonia, Muscovy, and the Baltic Sea; on the East by Muscovy; on the South by Hungary, Turkey, and Little Tartary; on the West by Germany; and, had the form of its government been as perfect as its situation was compact, it might have been one of the most |