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PTOLEMIES.

B.C.

305

286

Alexandrian Library founded.

Septuagint

made. 247

222

205

182

170

117

81

52

42

Death of

Cleopatra.

27

Egypt be

comes a

Roman
Province.

Ptolemy I., Soter, son of Lagus, founded the Alexandrian Library.

Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, built the Pharos, founded Berenice on the Red Sea, and Arsinoë; he employed Manetho to compile a history of Egypt and its gods from native authorities, and caused the Greek version of the Old Testament to be made.

Ptolemy III., Euergetes I.

Ptolemy IV., Philopator, founded the temple of Edfû.
Ptolemy V., Epiphanes.

Ptolemy VI., Eupator, died in this year.
Ptolemy VII., Philometor.

Ptolemy VIII., murdered by Physcon.

Ptolemy IX., Euergetes II. or Physcon, reigned conjointly with Ptolemy VII. (B.C. 170-165).

Ptolemy X., Soter II., Philometor II., or Lathyrus reigned conjointly with Cleopatra III.; he was banished B.C. 106, and recalled B.C. 87.

Ptolemy XI., Alexander I., made co-regent.

banished B.C. 89 and slain B.C. 87.

Ptolemy XII., Alexander II., is slain.

He was

Ptolemy XIII., Neos Dionysos or Auletes, became king of Egypt; he died B.C. 52.

Ptolemy XIV., Dionysos II., banished his co-regent Cleopatra VII., Cæsar arrived in Egypt to support Cleopatra, and Ptolemy XIV. was drowned.

Ptolemy XV., brother of Cleopatra VII., appointed her coregent; he was murdered at her wish.

Ptolemy XVI., Cæsarion, was named co-regent.

Antony ordered Cleopatra to appear before him, and was seduced by her charms; he killed himself, and Cleopatra died by the bite of an asp.

ROMANS.

Cæsar Augustus became master of the Roman Empire, and Cornelius Gallus the first prefect of Egypt; under the third prefect, Aelius Gallus, Candace, Queen of the Ethiopians, invaded Egypt, but was defeated.

A.D.

14

Tiberius. In his reign Germanicus went to Egypt, sailing up the Nile from the city of Canopus to Thebes, where he visited the temples of Luxor and Karnak, and heard the priest read on the pylons the names of conquered nations which still exist on them by the score. Passing over to the other side of the river, Tacitus tells us (II., 61) that he saw the stone image of Memnon, which, when struck by the sun's rays, gave out the sound of a human voice, and there is little Germanidoubt that he visited the Tombs of the Kings, the Ramesseum through and the temples at Medînet Habû. He passed on to Syene, Egypt. where he visited the island of Elephantine, and either going up or coming down the river, he saw Lake Moeris and the Pyramids.

Caligula.

Claudius.

cus travels

37

41

55

Nero. In his reign Christianity was first preached in Egypt by Saint Mark. The Blemmyes made raids upon the Blemmyes southern frontier of Egypt.

Vespasian. Jerusalem destroyed, A.D. 70.

Domitian builds temples to Isis and Serapis at Rome.
Trajan. The Amnis Trajanus, or canal which joined the

Nile and Red Sea, re-opened.

Hadrian. He visited Egypt twice.

Marcus Aurelius.

Commodus.

Septimius Severus.

Caracalla visited Egypt, and caused a large number of young men to be massacred in Alexandria.

invade

Egypt.

69

82

98

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Macrinus.

Elagabalus.

Decius.

Valerianus.

Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, invaded Egypt.

Aurelian. Zenobia dethroned A.D. 273.

Probus.

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Diocletian. Pompey's Pillar" erected A.D. 302. The Copts date the era of the Martyrs from the day of Diocletian's accession to the throne (August 29).

Constantine the Great.

217

218

249

253

268

270

276

284

324

A D.

337

379

395

408

450

474

481

527

610

638

Arab conquest of Egypt.

1517

1798

1801

1805

1848

1849

1854

1863

1882

1885 1892

Constantius.

Theodosius I., the Great, proclaimed Christianity the religion of his empire.

BYZANTINES.

Arcadius, Emperor of the East.
Theodosius II.

Marcianus. In this reign Silco invaded Egypt, with his
Nubian followers.

Zeno.

Anastasius.

Justinian.

Heraclius expelled the Persians from Egypt after they had held it, under Chosroes, for ten years.

MUHAMMADANS.

'Amr ibn el-'Âși conquers Egypt, and the country becomes a part of the Muḥammadan empire for about nine hundred years.

Selim I., of Constantinople, deposes Tûmân Bey, and Egypt becomes a Turkish Pashalik.

Napoleon Bonaparte stormed Alexandria, battle of the
Pyramids, and French fleet destroyed off Abukîr by the
English.

The French compelled by the English to evacuate Egypt.
Muḥammad 'Ali appointed Pasha of Egypt.

Ibrâhîm Pasha.

Death of Muhammad 'Ali.

Said Pasha. During his reign the Bûlâk Museum was founded, and the excavation of the Suez Canal began.

Ismåîl, son of Ibrâhîm Pasha, made Khedive. Suez Canal opened, 1869.

Massacre of Europeans at Alexandria, bombardment of the town by the English fleet in July; Egypt was occupied by English troops, and 'Arabi Pasha defeated.

Murder of Gordon, and abandonment of the Sûdân.
English troops continue to occupy Egypt.

LIST OF EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES AND THE DATES
ASSIGNED TO THEM BY EGYPTOLOGISTS.

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1 Königsbuch, Berlin, 1858, Synoptische Tafeln, taf. 4-8.

2 L'Univers. Egypte Ancienne, Paris, 1839, p. 269.

3 Notice des Principaux Monuments du Musée à Boulaq, Paris, 1869, p. 15.

4 The Ancient Egyptians, ed. Birch, 1878, Vol. I, p. 28 ff.

5 Egypt under the Pharaohs, ed. 1880, Vol. II, pp. 341–346.

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