Four Centuries of Progress ...

ENGLISH AND FRENCH DISCOVERIES.
Discovery of the North American Continent by John
Cabot-Voyages of Sebastian Cabot-The English
Fail to Follow Up these Discoveries-Efforts of the

PAGE

French to Explore America-Voyage and Discov-

eries of Verrazzani-Cartier Explores the St. Law-

rence-Reaches Montreal-Efforts to Found a Col-

ony on the St. Lawrence-Failure-Roberval's

Colony-Trading Voyages-Explorations of Cham-

plain-Colonization of Nova Scotia-Founding of

Quebec-Discovery of Lake Champlain-Arrival of

the Jesuits in Canada-Death of Champlain . .

CHAPTER IV.

THE SPANIARDS IN AMERICA.

Settlement of the West Indies-Discovery of the Pa-

cific Ocean-Voyage of Magellan-Discovery of

Florida-Ponce de Leon's Search for the Fountain

of Youth-Vasquez de Ayllon Kidnaps a Cargo of

Indians-Effort of Pamphilo de Narvaez to Con-

quer Florida-A Terrible March-The Voyage on

the Gulf of Mexico-Fate of the Fleet-Escape of

Cabeza de Vaca and His Comrades-Discovery of

New Mexico-Ferdinand de Soto-Obtains Leave

to Conquer Florida-Sails from Spain-Arrival in

Cuba-Departure for Florida-Landing at Tampa

Bay-Events of the First Year-De Soto Enters

Georgia-Descends the Alabama-Battle of Ma-

villa-Destruction of Chickasaw-Sufferings of the

Spaniards Discovery of the Mississippi- The

Spaniards Cross the Great River-De Soto in Ar-

kansas-Reaches the Mississippi Again-Sickness

and Death of De Soto-His Burial-Escape of His

Followers to Mexico-The Huguenot Colony in

Carolina-Its Failure- The French Settle in

Florida-Wrath of Philip II.-Melendez Ordered

to Exterminate the Huguenots-Foundation of St.

Augustine-Massacre of the French at Fort Caro-

lina-The Vengeance of De Gourges

CHAPTER V.

THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONY.

The English Claim to America-Voyages of Fro-
bisher-Exploits of Sir Francis Drake-Sir Humph-
rey Gilbert-Intends to found a Colony in America
-Is lost at Sea-Sir Walter Raleigh obtains a Pat-
ent of Colonization-Discoveries of Amidas and

PAGE

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH AND POCAHONTAS.

Formation of the London Company-Conditions of its

Charter-Departure of the first Colony-Quarrels

during the Voyage-Arrival in the Chesapeake—

Settlement of Jamestown-Formation of the Gov-

ernment-Character of Captain John Smith-Ex-

ploration of the James River-Newport and Smith

visit Powhatan-Smith Admitted to the Govern-

ment-Explores the Chickahominy-Is Captured

and Sentenced to Death-Is Saved by Pocahontas-

Gains the Friendship of Powhatan for the Colony

-Returns to Jamestown-His Decisive Measures—

Return of Newport-Smith Explores the Chesa-

peake Bay-The new Emigrants-Smith compels

them to Labor-Smith is Wounded and compelled

to return to England-Disasters to the Colony-Ar-

rival of Sir Thomas Gates-Jamestown Abandoned

-Arrival of Lord Delaware-The Return to James-

town-A Change for the Better-New Settlements

-Sir Thomas Gates arrives with Reinforcements-

Capture of Pocahontas by Captain Argall—She is

Baptized Marries John Rolfe--Sir Thomas Dale's

Administration-Yeardley Governor-The first Leg-

islative Assembly-Representative Government es-

tablished in America-The Colonists obtain Wives

-Changes in the Government.

CHAPTER VII.

PROGRESS OF THE VIRGINIA COLONY.

Introduction of Negro Slavery into Virginia-Efforts of

the Assembly to Restrict Slavery--The Indians At-

tempt the Destruction of the Colony-Terrible Suf-

ferings of the Whites-Aid from England--The

Indian War Begun-King James Revokes the Char-

ter of the London Company-Charles I. Desires a

Monopoly of the Tobacco Trade-Action of the

Assembly-Sir William Berkeley's First Adminis-

tration-Severe Measures against Dissenters-Close

of the Indian War-Death of Opechancanough—

PAGE

Emigration of Royalists to Virginia-Virginia and

and the Commonwealth-Treaty with England-

The Assembly Asserts its Independence of the Gov-

ernor--The Restoration--Berkeley Chosen Gover-

nor by the Assembly-His Hypocrisy.

CHAPTER VIII.

VIRGINIA AFTER THE RESTORATION.

Characteristics of the Virginians-Causes of the Suc-

cess of the Royalists-Growth of the Aristocratic

Class-Berkeley decides against the People--The

Aristocratic Assembly Claims the Right to sit Per-

petually-Deprives the Common People of their

Liberties--Revival of the Navigation Act by Charles

II. The King bestows Virginia as a Gift upon his

Favorites-Protests of the Assembly-Growing Hos-

tility of the Virginians to the Colonial Government—

The Indian War--The Governor Refuses to allow

the Colonists to Defend themselves--Nathaniel Ba-

con--He Marches against the Indians-Rebellion

of the People against Berkeley and the Assembly—

The Convention-Repeal of the Obnoxious Laws-

Berkeley's Duplicity--The People take up Arms

-Flight of Berkeley-Destruction of Jamestown—

Death of Bacon-Causes of the Failure of the Rebel-

lion--Berkeley's Triumph-Execution of the Patriot

Leaders--Berkeley's Course Condemned by the

King-Death of Berkeley-The Unjust Laws Re-

enacted--Lord Culpepper Governor-His Extor-

tions--James II. and Virginia--Effects upon Vir-

ginia of the Revolution of 1688-William and Mary

College Founded

CHAPTER IX.

THE COLONIZATION OF MARYLAND.

Extent of the Territory of Virginia-Clayborn's Trad-

ing-Posts established-Sir George Calvert, Lord

Baltimore-Becomes interested in American coloni-

zation-Obtains a Grant of Maryland-Terms of

the Charter-A Colony sent out-Arrival in the

Chesapeake St. Mary's Founded-Charter of the

Colony-Friendly Relations established with the

Indians-First Legislature of Maryland-Trouble

with Clayborne-Rapid Growth of the Colony-

Treatment of the Indians-Clayborne's Rebellion—

Law granting Religious toleration enacted-Condi-

tion of Maryland under the Commonwealth-The

People declared Supreme-Lord Baltimore re-

covers his Proprietary Rights-Characteristics of

the Colony Rapid Increase in Population-Charles

Calvert, Governor-Death of the second Lord

PAGE

Baltimore-Roman Catholics disfranchised-Mary-

land becomes a Royal Province-Triumph of the
Protestants-Annapolis made the Seat of Govern-
ment-Restoration of the Proprietary Government—
Continued Prosperity of Maryland

CHAPTER X.

THE PILGRIM FATHERS.

Rise of the Puritans-Their Increase in England-

They are Persecuted by the English Church and

Government-Conduct of James I.—His Hatred of

Puritanism-Puritans take Refuge in Holland-The

Congregation of John Robinson—They Escape to

Holland-The Pilgrims-their Sojourn at Leyden-

They wish to Emigrate to Virginia-Failure of their

Negotiations with the London Company-They

form a Partnership in England-A Hard Bargain-

Departure of the Pilgrims from Holland-Voyage

of the "Mayflower "-Arrival in New England-

The Agreement on board the " Mayflower"-Car-

ver chosen Governor-Settlement of Plymouth-

The first Winter in New England-Sufferings of

the Pilgrims-Arrival of new Emigrants-Continued

Suffering-Assignment of Lands-Friendly In-

tercourse with Indians-Samoset and Squanto-

Visit of Massasoit-A Threat of War-Bradford's

Defiance-Weston's Men-A Narrow Escape-The

Colonists Purchase the Interests of their English

Partners Lands Assigned in Fee Simple-The

Colony Benefited by the Change-Government of

Plymouth-Steady Growth of the Colony.

CHAPTER XI.

PAGE

III

121

SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS AND RHODE ISLAND.

Settlement of New Hampshire-The English Puritans

determine to form a new Colony in America-The

Plymouth Council-A Colony sent out to Salem

under Endicott - Colonization of Massachusetts

Bay begun-A Charter obtained-Concessions of

the King-Progress of the Salem Colony-The

Charter and Government of the Colony removed to

New England-Arrival of Governor Winthrop

Settlement of Boston-Sufferings of the Colonists-

Roger Williams-His Opinions give offence to the

Authorities-The Success of the Bay Colony Estab-

lished-Growth of Popular Liberty-The Ballot

Box-Banishment of Roger Williams-He goes

into the Wilderness-Founds Providence-Growth

of Williams's Colony-C nued Growth of Massa-

chusetts-Arrival of Sir Henry Vane-Is elected

Governor-Mrs. Anne Hutchinson-The Antino-

mian Controversy-Mrs. Hutchinson banished-

Settlement of Rhode Island-Murder of Mrs.

Hutchinson .

138

CHAPTER XII.

COLONIZATION OF CONNECTICUT.

The Dutch claim the Connecticut Valley-They build
a Fort at Hartford-Governor Winslow makes a
Lodgment in Connecticut for the English-With-
drawal of the Dutch-The First Efforts of the Eng-
lish to Settle Connecticut-Emigration of Hooker
and his Congregation-They Settle at Hartford-
Winthrop builds a Fort at Saybrook-Hostility of

the Indians-Visit of Roger Williams to Miantono-

moh-A Brave Deed-The Pequod War-Capture

of the Indian Fort-Destruction of the Pequod

Tribe-Effect of this War upon the other Tribes--

Connecticut Adopts a Constitution-Its Peculiar

Features-Settlement of New Haven.

CHAPTER XIII.

PAGE

150

THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES.

Feeling of the Colonies towards England-Hostility of

the English Government to New England--Efforts

to Introduce Episcopacy-Massachusetts Threatens

Resistance-The Revolution in England-Estab

lishment of Free Schools in New England--Har-

vard College-The Printing Press-The Long Par-

liament Friendly to New England-The United

Colonies of New England-Rhode Island obtains a

Charter-Maine Annexed to Massachusetts-The

Quakers are Persecuted-Efforts to Christianize the

Indians—John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians. . 157

CHAPTER XIV.

NEW ENGLAND AFTER THE RESTORATION.

Arrival of the News of the Restoration of Charles II.

-The Regicides in New England-They are Pro-

tected-Revival of the Navigation Acts-Effect of

this Measure upon the New England Colonies-

Massachusetts delays the Proclamation of the King

-Connecticut obtains a Charter-Union of New

Haven with the Connecticut Colony-Rhode Island

given a new Charter-Massachusetts settles her diffi-

culties with the Crown-Changes in the Govern-

ment-High-handed acts of the Royal Commission-

ers-Troubles with the Indians-Injustice of the

Whites-King Philip's War-A Forest Hero-An

Incident in the Attack upon Hadley-Sufferings of

the Colonies-Destruction of the Narragansetts-

Death of Philip-Close of the War-England asserts

her right to Tax the Colonies-Massachusetts buys

Gorges' claims to Maine-New Hampshire made a

separate Province-James II. Revokes the Charter

of Massachusetts-Dudley and Randolph in New

England-Andros appointed Governor-General—

His Tyranny-He demands the Charter of Connect-

icut-It is carried away and Hidden-The Charter

Oak-Fall of James II.-The people of Massachu-

setts take up Arms-Andros arrested-Effects of

the Revolution upon New England.

CHAPTER XV.

WITCHCRAFT IN MASSACHUSETTS.

Results of the Failure of Massachusetts to Resume her

Charter-The New Charter-Loss of the Liberties

of the Colony-Union of Plymouth with Massachu-

setts Bay-Belief in Witchcraft-The History of

Witchcraft in Massachusetts-The Case of the Good-

win Children-Cotton Mather espouses the Cause of

the Witches-Samuel Parris-He Originates the Sa-

lem Delusion-A Strange History-A Special Court

Appointed for the Trial of the Witches-The Vic-

tims-Execution of the Rev. George Burroughs-

Cotton Mather's Part in the Tragedies-The Gen-

eral Court takes Action in behalf of the People—

End of the Persecution-Failure of Cotton Mather's

Attempt to Save his Credit . .

CHAPTER XVI.

THE SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK.

Voyages of Henry Hudson-He is Employed by the

Dutch-Discovery of the Hudson River-Early

Dutch Voyages-Adrian Block-Fate of Hudson-

The Dutch build a Fort on Manhattan Island-Set-

tlement of New Amsterdam-The Province named

New Netherlands-Fort Nassau-Peter Minuits

Governor-The Dutch Settlement of Delaware-

Wouter Van Twiller-Kieft Governor-His Unjust

Treatment of the Indians-Massacre of the Indians

at Hoboken-The Indian War-Stuyvesant Ap-

pointed Governor-Disputes with the English in

Connecticut-The Swedes Settle Delaware-Stuy-

vesant Captures the Swedish Forts-Growth of New

Amsterdam-Disputes between the People and Gov-

ernor-Growing Spirit of Popular Liberty-The

People Appeal to the States General-Capture of

New Netherlands by the English-The Name of the

Province changed to New York-Results of the

English Conquest--Progress of New Jersey--An-

dros Governor of New York-He Fails to Establish

his Authority over Connecticut--New York allowed

an Assembly-Discontents of the People--Leisler's

Rebellion-Execution of Leisler and Milbourne--

Fletcher Governor--His Attempt to obtain Com-

mand of the Ccanecticut Militia-Episcopacy Es-

tablished in New York-The Freedom of the Press

Sustained-New Jersey a Royal Province. . . .

COLONIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

The Quakers-Their Origin and Doctrines-William

Penn-Becomes a Quaker-Is Persecuted for his

Religious Opinions-Becomes interested in Ameri-

can Colonization-Purchases West Jersey from the

Proprietor-Conceives the Idea of Founding a Free

State in America-Purchases Pennsylvania from

Charles II.-Conditions of his Charter-Sends out

a Colony-Arrival of Penn in America-Philadel-

phia Founded-Penn's Treaty with the Indians-

Religious Toleration Guaranteed-Penn's Relations

with his Colonists-Rapid Growth of Pennsylvania

in Population and Prosperity-William Penn and

James II.-Renewal of Penn's Troubles-William

III. Declares Pennsylvania a Royal Province-Penn

is Vindicated and Restored to his Proprietary Rights

-His Return to Pennsylvania-Character of the

Settlers of the Province-Penn Goes Back to

England-Efforts to deprive him of his Possessions

-His Death...

CHAPTER XVIII.

SETTLEMENT OF THE CAROLINAS.

Gradual Settlement of North Carolina from Virginia—

Charles II. grants Carolina to Clarendon and others

-The "Grand Model "-An Ideal Aristocracy

Proposed for Carolina-The Authority of the Pro-

prietaries Established in North Carolina-Con-

tinued Settlement of that Region-Characteristics

of the Early Settlers of North Carolina-The People

Reject the Grand Model-Hostility of England to

the Colonial Commerce-Insurrection in North

Carolina-Slothel Governor-Settlement of South

Carolina-Charleston Founded-The Proprietary

Constitutions Rejected by South Carolina-Rapid

Growth of the Colony-Introduction of Slavery-

Chracteristics of the Early Settlers of South Carolina

-Efforts to Enforce the Navigation Acts-Resis-

tance of the People-The Proprietaries Abandon

their Constitutions-Archdale's Reforms-Religious

Intolerance-Eatablishment of the Church of Eng-

land in South Carolina-Action of the Crown--

Continued Prosperity of South Carolina-Governor

Moore Attacks St. Augustine-Failure of the

Effort The Spaniards are Repulsed in an Attempt

to Capture Charleston-Indian War in North Caro

lina The Tuscaroras Driven Northward—W...

with the Yemmassees-Destruction of their Power

-Separation of the Carolinas.

SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA.

General James Edward Oglethorpe-His Efforts to

Reform Prison Discipline of England-Proposes to

Found a Co ony in America for the Poor and for

Prisoners for Debt-A Charter Obtained from the

King-Colonization of Georgia--Savannah Settled

-First Years of the Colony-Labors of Oglethorpe

-Arrival of New Emigrants-Augusta Founded--

The Moravian Settlements--The Wesleys in Amer-

ica-George Whitefield--War between England

and Spain-Oglethorpe Invades Florida-Failure of

the Attack upon St. Augustine-The Spaniards In-

vade Georgia—Oglethorpe's Stratagem—Its Success

-Battle of "Bloody Marsh "--Close of the War-

Charges against Oglethorpe--His Vindication--

His Return to Europe--Changes in the Colonial

Government-Introduction of Slavery into Georgia

-Prosperity of the Colony

CHAPTER XX.

PAGE

THE FRENCH IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
Origin of the Hostility of the Iriquois to the French

--Settlement of Canada--Plans of the French res-

pecting the Indians--The Jesuits--Their Work in

America-Success of their Missions The Early

Missionaries-Foundation of a College at Quebec-

Efforts of the Jesuits to Convert the Iroquois--

Father Jogues -- Death of Ahasistari-Father

Allouez-The Missions on the Upper Lakes—

Father Marquette-His Exploration of the Upper

Mississippi Death of Marquette-La Salle—

Efforts of France to Secure the Valley of the Missis-

sippi-La Salle Descends the Mississippi to its

Mouth-His Effort to Colonize the Lower Missis

sippi-The First Colony in Texas--Its Failure

Death of La Salle--Lemoine d'Ibberville--Settle-

ment of Louisiana-Colony of Biloxi--Settlement

Mobile-Crozat's Monopoly-Founding of New

Orleans--Detroit Founded-Slow Growth of the

French Colonies--Occupation of the Ohio Valley

by the French--Wars with the Indians—Exter-

mination of the Natchez Tribe-War with the

Chickasaws.

CHAPTER XXI.

CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH.
Relations Between the English and the Five Nations
-The Hostility of the Latter to the French-King
William's War-Destruction of Dover-The Jesuit
Missionaries Incite the Indians to Attack the Eng-
lish-Expedition against Quebec-Attack on Dus-

241

251

tin's Farm-Peace of Ryswick-Hostility of the

English to Roman Catholics-Queen Anne's War
-Burning of Deerfield-Eunice Williams-Cruel-

ties of the French-Effort of New England to Con-

quer Acadia--Capture of Port Royal-Failure of

the Expedition against Quebec-King George's

War-Expedition against Louisburg-Its Composi-

tion—Arrival of the Fleet at Cape Breton-Good

Conduct of the Provincials-Capture of Louisburg

-Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle-Unjust Treatment of

the Colonies by England-Sentiment of the Ameri-

cans towards England. . .

BOOK III.

The French and Indian War.

CHAPTER XXII.

OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES.

PAGE

267

England Claims the Valley of the Ohio-Organiza-
tion of the Ohio Company-The French Extend
their Posts into the Ohio Country-Washington's
Mission to the French at Fort Duquesne-His Jour-

ney-Reception by the French-His Journey Home

-A Perilous Undertaking-Organization of the

Virginia Forces-Washington Made Second in

Command-The French Drive the English from the

Head of the Ohio-Fort Duquesne Built by Them

-Washington Crosses the Mountains-The Fight at

Great Meadows--Beginning of the French and In-

dian War-Surrender of Fort Necessity to the

French-Unjust Treatment of the Colonial Officers

-Congress of the Colonies at New York-Frank-

lin's Plan of a Union of the Colonies--Its Failure-

Reasons of the British Government for Rejecting It
-England Assumes the Direction of the War-Ar-

rival of General Braddock-Plan of Campaign-

Obstinacy of Braddock-He Passes the Mountains

-Defeat of Braddock-Heroism of Washington-

Retreat of Dunbar beyond the Mountains-Vigor-

ous Action of Pennsylvania-Armstrong Defeats the

Indians and Burns the Town of Kittanning . . . 278

CHAPTER XXIII.

SANGUNIARY STRUGGLES ON THE FRONTIER.
Expedition against Acadia-Brutal Treatment of the
Acadians They Are Expelled from their Country
-A Sad Story-Fate of the Acadians-Johnson at
Lake George March of Dieskau-Battle of Lake
George-Failure of Shirley's Expedition-Arrival
of the Earl of Loudon-Montcalm in Canada-

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