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· Natural Religion.' – Goethe. — Mill. - Spinoza, 1632-77. -

Schleiermacher, 1768-1834.-Hegel, 1770-1831.--Fichte, 1762-

1814.--How to account for these different definitions : 51-72

LECTURE IV.

POSITIVIST DEFINITIONS OF RELIGION.

Wundt.-Feuerbach.-Gruppe.-Selfishness as source of re-

ligion.-Gruppe's definition too narrow.- Universality of

religion.-Angle of vision.-Darwin on Tierra del Fuego.-

Niebuhr and Bunsen.-Lubbock v. Quatrefages.- Preconceived

ideas.-Names for religion.-Words for religion in Chinese ; in

Arabic.-Dharma.-Veda.-Bhakti.-Sraddhâ, faith. 73-102

LECTURE V.

MY OWN DEFINITION OF RELIGION.

Is Buddhism a religion ?-Buddhism, as theoretical, not in.

cluded under any definition.—Mâlunkya-putta and Bud-

dha.-Yamaka, on life after death.—Dialogue between the

king of Kosala and the nun Khemâ.-Buddhism, as practical,

not included under any definition.--The doctrine of Karma.-

Definition of religion.-Religion an experience.-Experience

consists of sensations, percepts, concepts, and names.-Sensa-

tion and perception inexplicable.—The working of our mind.-

No percept without language ; Helmholtz.--Perceptions always

finite.-Finite and definite --The finite implies the infinite.-

The infinite in space. The infinite in time.—The infinite as

cause.—Misunderstandings.-Savages without words for finite

and infinite.- The Duke of Argyll's definition of religion.-

Early names of the infinite.—Mana.-Manito.-Does the Vedic

religion begin with sacrifice ?-Germs of the infinite in the

Veda.—The infinitely great.-The infinitely small.-Infinite

inseparable from finite.—The concept of cause . . 103-140

LECTURE VI.

THE INFINITE IN NATURE, IN MAN, AND IN THE SELF.
Positivist objections.-Historical evolution.--Positivist point
of view.-Rig.veda.--The dawn.-End and endless. - Endless
in the Avesta.-Theogonic elements.—How the perception of

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the infinite led to religious ideas.- Tangible, semi-tangible,
intangible objects.— Trees.- Mountains. – Rivers.- Earth. —
Clouds, stars, moon, sun, sky.-Demi-gods and great gods.—The
infinite in man as an object. The something behind man.-
The infinite behind man.- Religious ideas springing from it.-
Animism.-Seelencult.—Strange names ; Totemism.--The infinite
in man as a subject.-Psychological deities.-Sense, imagina-

tion, intellect, language.-Devatas.-Âtmâ.— Natural reli-

gion, as physical, anthropological, and psychological. 141-165

LECTURE VII.

RELIGION DIFFERENT FROM SCIENCE.

Religious character.--Religion and science.—What imparts a

religious character.--Moral influences of physical phenomena.-

Vedic prayers.-Early morality.-Moral influence of ancestral

spirits. -Ancestral law in China.--Moral influence of psycho-

logical deities.—Temple to Mens. - Eros and Psyche.- Con-

science.- Remorse.- Have we a conscience ?-Sacrifices an

element of religion.- Priesthood.-Study of the Veda.-Final

definition of religion . . . . . . . 166-191

LECTURE VIII.

THE HISTORICAL METHOD.

Criticisms of my definition.-Pfleiderer.-Gruppe.- Religion

a psychological necessity.--History v. Theory.-Theory.- Caus-

alitas.--Eminentia. -Negatio.- Cosmological, teleological, ontologi.

cal arguments. Historical method.- Archaeology.-Theoretic

school.- Historical school.-Study of language.- Historical

school.-- Acutus.-Theoretic school.— Brinton on palaeolithic

language.—Advantages of both theories.--Science of religion.-

Historical school.--Semitic, Aryan, Chinese religions. - Re.

ligions without books . . . . . . . 192–220

LECTURE 1X.

HISTORICAL TREATMENT OF RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS.
Is religion possible ?-History and theory inseparable.-
Agnosticism.—Epicurean view of the gods.-Chance and pur-
pose ; Darwin.-Atheism.- Intuitive knowledge of the gods.--

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Philosophical treatment.-- Vision in the Bhagavadgitâ.-

Revelation.-Historical traces in the Veda.--The old problems

in their simpler form . . . . . . .

LECTURE X.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS.

Modern problems to be traced back.-Creation,-The logic of

facts. — Cosmological argument. - Aryan savages. – Why ?

Answers to the cosmological question.—Emanation.-Emana.

tion or srishti.—Golden egg.-Teleological argument.-An.

thropomorphism.-Ontological argument.--A creator.-Origin

of the idea of cause.--Religions without a creator.— The

theory of evolution.-Meaning of evolution.-Darwin admits a

creator.-Herder, the precursor of Darwin.-Evolution in the

beginning of our century.-Gottfried Hermann.-Kant on

the Chimpanzee. — Darwin. — Oken. — Reaction. — Historical

school, its true character.-Stanley.-Necessity of an historical

study of religion.-Criticisms answered . . . 239-279

LECTURE XI.

MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF NATURAL RELIGION.

Language, Myth, Customs and Laws, Sacred Books.-Lan-

guage as evidence.-Survey of languages.— ARYAN FAMILY.-

English. - Veda = olda.—Anglo-Saxon. — Gothic.-- Continental

Saxon.-Scandinavian.—Thorr and Thursday.-Týr and Tues-

day. – Wodan and Wednesday. — High German. – Celtic. —

Italic. — Hellenic. — Slavonic. — North-Western Division. —

South-Eastern Division.-Indic class, Vedic Hymns, Brâh-

manas, Sûtras, Pâninean Sanskrit.-Inscriptions of Piyadasi,

third century B.C.-Buddhist Sanskrit.— Renaissance of San-

skrit literature.- Prâkrit.— Vernaculars.-Sacred Books.-Iranic

class. — Cuneiform Persian inscriptions. — Pehlevi. – Bask,

Etruscan.-SEMITIC FAMILY.–Aramaic.-Chaldaic and Syriac.

-Hebraic.-Arabic.- Ethiopic . . . . . 280-310

LECTURE XII.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. .

Languages not Aryan and not Semitic.-Morphological

classification. - Genealogical as different from morphological

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classification.-Degrees of relationship.-Morphological classifi.
cation.- Radical stage. Terminational stage. — Inflectional

stage.— Transitions from one stage to another.— Chinese.—

Rask’s and Prichard's classification.-Vocalic harmony. 311-327

LECTURE XIII.

LANGUAGES NOT ARYAN AND NOT SEMITIC.

The Ural-Altaic family.-Samoyedic.—Altaic languages.-

Tungusic class. — Mongolic class. — Turkic class. — Turkish

grammar. – Finno-Ugric class. — Fins.- Estonians.— Tamulic

languages.-Munda languages.—Taic languages.—Gangetic lan-

guages.-Lohitic languages.- Languages of Farther India.-

Languages of the Caucasus.- Egyptian.-Africa. - America. -

Oceanic languages.—Malay.--Polynesia.-Melanesia . 328–350

LECTURE XIV.

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT.

What should we be without language.-Definition of think-

ing. What are we thinking of ?- Thinking in German or

English.—Why we cannot think without words.—Communica-

tion, not language.— Images.- Involuntary and voluntary

sounds.—The Bow-wow, Pooh-pooh, and Yo-heho theories.-

Roots.—Words derived from conceptual roots.-Are.concepts

possible without words ?-Berkeley.-Process of naming.–Origin

of concepts.-Former theories.—The clamor concomitans.-The

conceptual foundation of language.-Our conceptual world 351-384

Lessons of language.—Roots express our acts.—Some acts

conceived as passive. - Subjective acts predicated of other

agents.—Subjective acts predicated of objects.—Dynamic stage.

--Animism.—Egypt.-Semitic names.-Finland.-Hidatsas in

North America.--Growth of language.-Causality.-Objections

answered.—Gender.--Dyaus, as a masculine. . . 385-410

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LECTURE XVI.

MYTHOLOGY.

Myths.- Meaning of mythology.-Etymology of pūdos.-Myth,

a word.—Eos.-Mythology universal.—Comparative mythology

and its three divisions.- Comparative philology.-Etymological

school.—Analogical school.-Psychological school.—Compara-

tive mythology.-A. Barth.--Etymological school.-Analogical

school.-Psychological school.-I. The Etymological School.-

Names of gods.—Dialectic varieties.-Obsolete names.—The

Dawn.-Religious germs.-Moral germs.-- Ahanâ= Athene.--

Daphne.— Benfey's theory of Athene . . . . 411-447

LECTURE XVII.

THE GENEALOGICAL SCHOOL.

Identification and comparison.-Sarad and Ceres.-Mytho.

logical etymologies.-Changes in the character of gods.--Acci:

dental similarities of names.-Foreign gods.—Mythological

names which admit of no etymology.--The names of gods. --

The etymological meaning must be physical.—Learned and

popular etymologies of Greeks and Romans. – Haritas and

Charites.--Fors, Fortuna.—Nomina and cognomina , 448-483

LECTURE XVIII.

THE ANALOGICAL AND PYSCHOLOGICAL SCHOOLS.

II. The Analogical School.-Characters common to gods and

heroes of different names.-Rudra, Apollon, Wuotan.-Myths

agreeing in one and differing in other names.- Varuna and

Ormazd. — III. The Psychological School. — Völker-psycho-

logie.—Advantages in England, India, Colonies, Missionary

Societies.-Work done in America.—The true meaning of

Manito . . . . . . .

. . 484-518

LECTURE XIX.

ON CUSTOMS AND LAWS.

Materials for the study of customs and laws.—Customs based
on religious ideas.-Customs generating religious ideas.-Sol.