955. with them. After a severe struggle and several fruitless attempts at reconciliation, Liudolf and Conrad submitted. They were forgiven, but deprived of their duchies. Archbishop Bruno received Lotharingia; duke Burkhard, Swabia. Bavaria, still in revolt, was subjugated by Otto and his brother Henry. New inroad of the Hungarians. Victory over the Hungarians on the Lechfeld Aug. 10. (Augsburg). Conrad fell in the battle. The Bavarian Ostmark, which was afterwards transformed into the duchy of Austria (Oesterreich), reestablished. Victorious expedition against the Wends, whom Otto defeated on the Rekenitz. 957. Liudolf died in arms against Berengar, who was in rebellion. 961. Second expedition of Otto's to Italy, Pope John XII. having implored his assistance against Berengar. Otto hastened to Rome, where he 962. Renewed the imperial office. Holy Roman EmFeb. pire of the German Nation. 963. While Otto was engaged in the war with Berengar in Lombardy, John XII. endeavored to free himself from the imperial protection and allied himself with Otto's foes. The emNov. peror advanced upon Rome and captured the city; John fled. The Romans were obliged to promise never to elect another Pope without the consent of the emperor. John was deposed by a synod in Rome, and Leo VIII. elected Pope. 964. A revolt of the Romans quickly suppressed. Jan. While Otto was again absent in northern Italy, where Berengar had, meantime, been obliged to surrender (he died as prisoner in Bamberg), Leo was expelled by the Romans, and John returned, but soon died in consequence of his dissipation. The Romans choose Benedict Pope. Otto captured Rome the second time, deposed Benedict, and reinstated Leo. 966-967. Third expedition to Italy. Otto's son, Otto II., already crowned as German king, received the imperial crown at Rome. Otto I. died at Memleben, near Merseburg. His sepulchre is in the cathedral of the bishopric of Magdeburg, which he had created. 973-983. Otto II., highly gifted, but passionate, husband of the Grecian princess Theophano. 976. Otto's cousin, Henry the Quarrelsome, duke of Bavaria, instigated a conspiracy against the emperor, was conquered and deposed. Bavaria given to Otto of Swabia, son of Liudolf. Carinthia separated from Bavaria and made a duchy. Luitpold of Babenberg received the (Bavarian) Eastmark. 978. Otto surprised by Lothar, king of France, escaped with difficulty, reconquered Lotharingia, invaded France, and besieged Paris, but without success. 980-983. Wars in Italy. The emperor crossed the Alps, to Rome, 981. advanced into southern Italy, defeated the Greeks and Sara 982. cens at Colonne, south of Cotrone, but was afterwards defeated by them further south on the Calabrian coast1 where his army was annihilated. 983. Victorious advance of the Danes and Wends; destruction of the bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg. Otto II. died in Rome. 983-1002. Otto III., three years old. Henry the Quarrelsome's claim to the guardianship, and to the crown itself, was denied, but Bavaria, without Carinthia, was returned to him. Otto's mother, the Grecian Theophano, conducted the regency in Germany, his grandmother, Adelheid, in Italy; after the death of Theophano (991), Adelheid and Willigis, archbishop of Mainz, conducted the government until the young prince took the reins in 995. From his great intellectual endowments known as the "Wonder of the World,” he was dreamy and unpractical. Three Roman expeditions. 996. On the first expedition Otto was crowned by Gregory V. 998-999. On the second his teacher Gerbert was elected pope as Sylvester II. Attempt of Crescentius to throw off the German yoke and restore the ancient republic. He was defeated and executed. It was Otto's design to make "golden Rome" the imperial residence and centre of a new universal empire. 1000. Journey through Germany, pilgrimage to the grave of St. Adalbert, foundation of the archbishopric of Gnesen. A widespread belief that this year would bring the end of the world and the coming of the Kingdom of Heaven led thousands of people to undertake a pilgrimage to Rome. 1001. During his third visit to Italy, revolt of the Romans. Otto died in the castle of Paterno at the foot of Soracte. 1002-1024. Henry II. (the Saint), son of Henry the Quarrelsome of Bavaria, grandson of King Henry I., was elected king at Mainz, after his rival, Eckard, margrave of Meissen, had been murdered. Henry II. enforced the acknowledgment of his sovereignty, particularly from Hermann, duke of Swabia. 1004. First expedition to Italy against Ardoin of Ivrea; Henry crowned king of Italy in Pavia. 1004-1018. Wars with Boleslav, king of Poland, who was compelled to give up Bohemia, but retained Lusatia. Foundation of the bishopric of Bamberg (1007). Increase in the power of the church. Reform of the monasteries. Energetic enforcement of the public peace. 1014. Second expedition to Italy. Henry crowned emperor in Rome. Ardoin gives up his resistance (died in a monastery, 1015). 1016-1018. Henry went to war to secure his inheritance in Bur 1 The battlefield is unknown; it was not at Basentello. See V. Giesebecht, Gesch. d. deutschen Kaiserzeit, 1.4 597. gundy, which had been resigned in his favor by the last king of Burgundy,1 Rudolf III. (1016). 1022. On the third expedition to Italy, Henry fought with the Grecians in lower Italy, with the assistance of the Normans who had settled there in 1015. Henry died July 15, 1024. 1024-1125. Franconian or Salian Emperors. Election held at Oppenheim between Mainz and Worms, the first election in which princes of all the tribes had participated. After hesitating a short time between the two Conrads, cousins, the princes chose the elder, the son of the Frankish count Henry, eldest son of Otto of Carinthia, over the younger, the son of Conrad, younger son of Otto of Carinthia. 1024-1039. Conrad II. (the Salian). 1025-1030. Revolt of the Babenberger, Ernst, duke of Swabia, stepson of Conrad, son of his wife Gisela, resulting from the conflicting claims of the emperor and of Ernst as the personal heir of Henry II., upon Burgundy (Arles). Ernst fell in battle in 1030. 1026. Expedition to Italy. Conrad crowned king of Italy in Milan, but obliged to bring Pavia and Ravenna to submission by force of arms. Crowned emperor, 1027, in the presence of Cnut the Great, king of England and Denmark, and Rudolf III. of Burgundy (Arles). The Eider made the boundary between Germany and Denmark, Schleswig, therefore, was abandoned to the Danes. Invasion of Germany by the Poles under Mieczeslav II., where they ravaged the country to the Saale, and carried 10,000 prisoners to Poland. Conrad hastened from the Rhine, and provided defences against a new inroad, but attacked the Hungarians, though without success (1030). In 1031 Conrad attacked the Poles, forced them to surrender their prisoners, and restored Lusatia to the empire. Mieczeslav became the Emperor's vassal (1032). After the death of Rudolf III. (1032), Burgundy, that is, the kingdom of Arles, which was formed in 933, by the union of cisjurane and transjurane Burgundy (p. 193), was, in three campaigns, wrested from the hands of Odo, Count of Champagne, who claimed it as heir of Henry II. and united with the empire. At a later time, however, the Romance portions of Burgundy, the lands along the Rhône, Saône, Isère, and Durance, fell to France; the Alamannian portions (Franche Comté, Switzerland) remained a part of the empire. In Italy the small fiefs were made legally hereditary, and this became the common custom in Germany. To counterbalance this tendency Conrad seems to have designed doing away with ducal offices, and making the royal supremacy immediate and hereditary throughout all German lands. 1036. On his return from a second expedition to Italy, Conrad 1039. died at Utrecht. His son had been crowned at Aachen in June 4th his boyhood, and now succeeded to the throne as 1 Otherwise known as the kingdom of Arles.-TRANS. 1039-1056. Henry III. (called "the Black"). The imperial power at its highest point. King Henry was for a time, also, duke of Bavaria, Swabia, and Franconia. The ducal throne in Carinthia was long vacant. 1042-1044. In Hungary the king, Peter, whom Henry had reinstated at the expense of three campaigns, became a vassal of the empire. Extension of the Bavarian Eastmark to the Leitha. Tedious wars with the unruly Godfrey the Bearded, duke of upper Lotharingia, which was at last (1049) given to the Alsacian count Gerhard, the ancestor of the house of Lorraine.1 Godfrey went to Italy (1054), where he married Beatrix of Tuscany. Henry favored the attempt to introduce the Treuga Dei (p. 203). Proclamation of a general king's peace in the empire. 1046-1047. First expedition to Rome. Henry caused a synod to depose the three rival Popes (Sylvester III., Benedict IX., Gregory VI.), each of whom was accused of simony, and appointed a German, Suidger, bishop of Bamberg, Pope, as Clement II., who crowned him emperor (Christmas, 1046). After Clement, Henry appointed three German Popes in succession. He invested Drogo, son of the Norman Tancred of Hauteville, with Apulia. 1055. Second Roman expedition. Henry died at Gozlar, Oct. 28, 1056. He was succeeded by his son, 1056-1106. Henry IV., six years old, who had been crowned king at the age of four. Spoiled in his youth, he grew to manhood passionate but weak. His mother, Agnes of Poitou, the regent, gave Bavaria to the Saxon count Otto of Nordheim, Carinthia to Berthold of Zähringen, Swabia to her son-in-law, Rudolf of Rheinfeld. Abduction of the young king from Kaiserswert to Cologne (1062) by Archbishop Anno, who was soon obliged to share the administration of the empire with Adalbert, the ambitious archbishop of Bremen (1065). Conspiracy of the princes against Adalbert of Bremen. Imperial Diet at Tribur (1066). Adalbert banished from court for three years († 1072). Otto of Nordheim deposed from the dukedom of Bavaria, which was given to his son-in-law, Welf, son of the margrave Azzo of Este. (The house of Welf was extinct in the male line.) Magnus, duke of Saxony, kept in confinement. Revolt of the Saxons, whom Henry had displeased by the erection of numerous fortresses in their land. Flight of Henry from the Harzburg (1073), humiliating peace, destruction of the Harzburg. Henry defeated the Saxons on the Unstrut (1075). Contest with Pope 1073-1085. Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), descended from a family having a small estate in southern Tuscany. He was educated at the monastery of Cluny. He had, as 1 In possession of Lorraine down to 1737. See Modern History, Second Period, § 3. cardinal-subdeacon, afterwards as archdeacon and chancellor, conducted the temporal affairs of the papacy under five Popes. Strict enforcement of the celibacy of the clergy, war against simony (Acts viii. 18), and lay investitures, whereby is meant the investiture of clergy with the secular estates and rights of their spiritual benefices by the temporal power, by means of the ring and staff. Gregory in alliance with Robert Guiscard, duke of the Normans, and with the dissatisfied princes in Germany. Henry excommunicated (1076); suspended from his royal office by the Diet at Tribur (Oct. 1076), and the ultimate decision referred to a Diet to be held at Augsburg in February, 1077. A few days before Christmas Henry left Speier in secret with his wife, son, and one attendant; crossing the Alps under great hardship, 1077. Henry humbled himself before the Pope at CaJan. 25-28. nossa, a castle belonging to the Pope's firm friend, the powerful Matilda, marchioness of Tuscany. After three days' delay, passed by Henry in the garb of a penitent in the snow-covered castle court, Gregory admitted him to his presence, and gave him a conditional absolution. Fortune turned in Henry's favor. Rudolf of Swabia, whom the malcontents in Germany had elected king (March, 1077) at Forchheim, was defeated and mortally wounded in the battle on the Elster (1080). Swabia given to Frederic of Hohenstaufen, Henry's son-inlaw (1079). Henry, a second time excommunicated (1080), went to Italy, captured Rome, and was crowned by Clement III., a Pope of his own creation. Gregory VII., besieged in the castle of St. Angelo, was released by the Norman, Robert Guiscard, and died (1085) at Salerno. (Dilexi justitiam et odi iniquitatem, propterea morior in exilio). The influence of Gregory VII. had been felt in all parts of the Christian world. It was under his auspices, some have claimed at his suggestion, that William of Normandy undertook the conquest of England. Henry was involved in a contest with a new king set up by the Saxons, Hermann of Salm, son of the count of Luxemburg. Hermann, however, abdicated in 1088, and died the same year. Submission of the Saxons upon receiving assurance that their ancient privileges should be respected. The church was still hostile. Marriage of Matilda of Tuscany with Welf V., son of duke Welf of Bavaria. 1089-1097. Third expedition to Italy. Henry captured Mantua after a siege of eleven months, but was in general unsuccessful. Revolt of his son Conrad (1092). Henry returned to Germany in 1097, in which year the bands of the first crusaders, under Walter of Perejo and Peter the Hermit, crossed Germany. War with Conrad (died 1101), and afterwards with Henry's other son, Henry, who imprisoned his father. Flight of the emperor to Lüttich, where he died Aug. 7, 1106. He was succeeded by his younger son, |