1106-1125. Henry V.

The king went to Rome, took Pope Paschal II. prisoner, and forced him to perform the coronation and acknowledge the imperial right of investiture (1111). As soon as the emperor had left Italy the Lateran Council declared the concessions invalid as having been extorted by force, and a second council at Vienna excommunicated Henry.

Wars with German princes who were in revolt, especially with Lothar of Saxony, and the archbishops of Mainz and Cologne. Victory of the Saxons at Welfesholze, near Mansfeld (1115). The war of the investiture was ended, after a long contest with Calixtus II., by the

Election of bishops and abbots in Germany to take place in the presence of the emperor or his representatives; investiture by the emperor must precede consecration, but was to be conferred not with the ring and staff, but with the sceptre. In Italy and Burgundy investiture was to follow canonical election and consecration. Ecclesiastics holding secular benefices were bound to perform the feudal duties.

§ 2. FRANCE.

843-987. Carolingian kings of the Franks, 843-877. Charles the Bald.

His rule was limited to the neighborhood of Laon; Brittany and Septimania were independent; his supremacy in Aquitania was but nominal. Ravages of the Northmen incessant, daring, terrible. Sack of Saintes, Limoges, Bordeaux, Tours, Rouen, Orléans, Toulouse, Bayeux, Evreux, Nantes. Some quarters of Paris, even, were ravaged. Lotharingia divided between France and Germany by the treaty of Meuthe (870). Outhe, Meuse, Jura, the boundary between Germany and France. Charles wasted his energy striving for the imperial

crown.

Fiefs proclaimed hereditary at the diet of Chiersi (877). Charles died on Mont Cenis, returning from an unsuccessful expedition to Italy. Rise of scholasticism. Joannes Scotus Erigena. Hincmar of Rheims. Charles was succeeded by his son,

877-879. Ludwig the Stammerer (Louis le Bègue). 879-882. Ludwig II. in the north of France.

879-884. Karlmann in Aquitaine, and over the whole kingdom after 882. The ravages of the Northmen increased in frequency and duration in spite of Ludwig's victory at Saucourt in 881 (Ludwigslied). Revolt of Boso, duke of cisjurane Burgundy (879). The heir of Ludwig II., Charles, being but five years old, the nobles chose 884-887. Charles the Fat of Germany,

king, thus uniting the whole empire once more in one hand. Siege of Paris by the Northmen under Rollo (Hrolf) in 885. Heroic defence by Eudes (Odo), count of Paris. Charles, consenting to buy the retreat of the Northmen, was deposed in 887. (Died in 888 in Germany.)

The empire of Charles reduced to six clearly distinct states: Italy, Germany, Lorraine, Provence, Transjurane Burgundy (formed by the union of western Switzerland and Franche Comté, under Rudolf I., nephew of Eudes), France. In France the nobles passed over the infant Charles, and elected

888-898. Eudes, count of Paris, son of Robert the Strong. The opposition party among the nobles advocated the claims of 893-923. Charles III., the Simple, who was not generally acknowledged until after the death of Eudes. In his reign the

911 (?). Northmen gained a permanent foothold on the Seine (Normandy), under Rolf (Rollo), the first duke of Normandy, with feudal sovereignty over Brittany. Treaty of St. Claire sur Epte, near Ghisors. Baptism of Rollo under the name of Robert.

Revolts against Charles. Robert, duke of France, brother of Eudes, proclaimed king, but slain in the battle of Soissons (823). His place was filled by his son-in-law, Rudolf of Burgundy. Charles treacherously seized by Herbert of Vermandois and imprisoned (died in 929). His wife, Eadgyfu (Edwina), fled to her brother Ethelstane, king of England, with her three-year-old son Ludwig IV., hence called d'Outre Mer (Beyond Seas). Rudolf dying in 936 without issue, the nobles, Hugh the White, duke of France († 956), Herbert of Vermandois, and William Longsword of Normandy, recalled

936-954. Ludwig from Beyond Seas (Louis d'Outremer),

in whose reign the country was torn with civil war between the king, Hugh the White, or Great, and Otto, king of Germany (east Franks). Ludwig was succeeded by his son,

954-986. Lothar,

who was under the influence of Hugh Capet, son of Hugh the Great. An unsuccessful attempt to acquire Lorraine brought on an invasion of France by Otto II. of Germany. Lothar was succeeded by his son, 986-987. Ludwig V. (le Fainéant), who, after a short and stormy reign, died suddenly (987), without issue. The direct line of Charles the Great was extinct. The only man who had a claim to the succession was the uncle of Ludwig, Charles, duke of Lorraine, a vassal of the emperor.

987-1328. Capetian dynasty, direct line.

was chosen king, but was powerless to resist the great feudal nobles, each of whom surpassed the king in military power and extent of territory (dukes of Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Aquitaine; counts of Flanders, Champagne, Vermandois). The royal domain reached from the Somme to the Loire, with Normandy and Anjou on the west and Champagne on the east. Paris in the centre was the capital of the new French monarchy, as Laon had been the capital of the old German kingdom. Capture of Charles the Carolingian. Gerbert, archbishop of Rheims, afterwards Pope Sylvester II. Under Hugh's son,

996-1031. Robert, the royal power was wasted to a shadow. The king, pious, weak, and absurd, was involved in domestic trouble and in constant wars with the nobles. Rising of the serfs (997). Famine (1030-1032). The Vexin on the Seine given to Normandy. Robert's son, 1031-1060. Henry I.,

retained scarcely a trace of power, beyond the nomination of the bishops.

Introduction of the "Truce of God" (Treuga Dei) by the clergy (at first [1031] in Guienne), whereby a cessation of all feuds was enjoined by the church during church festivals and from Wednesday evening to Monday morning in every week (only 80 days in a year available for warfare). The crown having now become hereditary, Henry was succeeded quietly by his son,

1060-1108. Philip I.,

whose long reign, distinguished by no deeds of his own, is remarkable for two important events: the conquest of England by the Normans (1066), and the first crusade (1096).

§ 3. ENGLAND.

828-1066. England under the West Saxon kings. 828-837. Ecgberht, king of Wessex (p. 180), ruler of Sussex, Kent, Essex, overlord of Mercia, East Anglia, Northumbria, Wales, and Strathclyde.

Ravages of the Northmen. Pouring in swarms from the northern kingdoms of Denmark and Scandinavia, these pirates, the vikings, harassed England and the continent almost beyond belief. The English called the Northmen "Danes," although not all their assailants came from that kingdom. The Northmen were still heathens. The epoch of their invasions falls into three divisions: I. (789-866) Period of invasion and ravage without settlement. II. (866-1003) Period of settlement and conquest in various parts of the country. III. (1003-1066) Period of political conquest. The first recorded attack was in 789 (p. 189). În 834 Sheppey was ravaged. Defeat of the Danes at Hengestesdun (836).

Ecgberht was succeeded by his son Æthelwulf (837-858). In 851 the Danes took London and Canterbury; in 855 they wintered for the first time in Sheppey. Ethelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks. He was succeeded by his son Æthelbald (858-860), who married his father's widow. On his death Judith returned to the continent and married Baldwin, afterwards count of Flanders. From this union descended Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror. Ethelbald was succeeded by his brother Æthelberht (860-866), who was followed by his brother, 866-871. Æthelred I.

Settlement of the Danes in Northumbria (romance of Ragnar Lodbrog). The Danes in East Anglia (866), in Mercia (868). 870. East Anglia conquered and settled by the Danes. Martyrdom of St. Edmund, king of the East Angles.

Sack of Peterborough and Crowland. Danes in Wessex (871). Nine battles were fought with the invaders this year.

At Escesdun the

Danes were defeated by Æthelred and Ælfred his brother.

871-901. Alfred the Great.

In the earlier years of his reign Wessex was at peace, but the other parts of England still suffered from Danish inroads. In 876 Danes settled in Northumbria, and Guthorm, Danish king in East Anglia, entered Wessex. In 877 lands in Mercia were divided among the Danes.

878. The Danes ravaged Wessex.

Alfred took refuge in the forest. Erection of the fortress of Athelney. Defeat of the Danes at Ethandun. Treaty of Wedmore, between Elfred and Guthorm. The Danes left Wessex, but East Anglia and a part of Mercia were given up to them. London, however, was retained by Ælfred. The country of the Danes, Danelagh, as it came to be called, now embraced the larger part of England. 880-893. Peace in Wessex.

Elfred was a skilful warrior but no lover of war. His genius was for civil government. Revision of the laws; separation of the judicial from the executive department. Trial by jury was not introduced by Alfred; that institution was of Norman origin, a development of principles of old Frankish law. Creation of a fleet (882). Submission of several Welsh provinces. Encouragement of learning. Bæda's Ecclesiastical History, Orosius' History, and Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy, translated into Anglo-Saxon by Elfred. Voyages of Othhere and Wulfhere along the northern shores of Europe undertaken at Ælfred's request. Asser. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

probably put into shape in this reign.

The Danish war broke out again in 893 with an invasion of Kent. Defeat of the Danes at Buttington. In 901 Elfred died. He left five children: two sons, Eadward and Ethelweard, and three daughters, Æthelflæd the "Lady of the Mercians," wife of Ethelred, ealdorman of West Saxon Mercia, Æthelgifu, abbess of Shaftesbury, Elfthryth, wife of Baldwin II., count of Flanders, on of Baldwin and Judith (p. 203). Of this marriage was born Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror.

901-925. Eadward the Elder.

Erection of fortresses along the Mercian frontier by Eadward and Ethelflæd. Conquest of the Five Boroughs (Derby, Lincoln, Leicester, Stamford, Nottingham) by Ethelflæd. Annexation of Mercia to Wessex. Conquest of East Anglia and Essex. Submission of Strathclyde and all the Scots (824). Eadward lord of all Britain. Wessex, Kent, Sussex, he ruled by inheritance; Mercia, Essex, East Anglia, by conquest from the Danes; Northumberland, Wales, Scotland, Strathclyde, as overlord. Eadward died in 925, and was succeeded by his

son

925-940. Athelstan.

League of Scots, Welsh, and Danes crushed in 926. Again

renewed, it was again broken up by the defeat of the allies in the

937. Battle of Brunanburh.

Eadward was succeeded by his brother Eadmund (940–946). Revolt of Danes and Scots. Reconquest of the Five Boroughs and the Danelagh. Cumberland given as a fief to Malcolm, king of Scots. Dunstan appointed abbot of Glastonbury. Murder of Eadmund, who was succeeded by his son Eadred (946-955). A revolt of the Danes was crushed in 954; final submission of the Danelagh. Eadwig (955-959), nephew of Eadred, quarrelled with Dunstan, and drove him from the country. He was succeeded by his brother,

959-975. Eadgar,

the under king of Mercia. Dunstan, recalled in 958, archbishop of Canterbury 959, was the true ruler. The royal power stood high. Revision of the laws. Secular priests were out of favor, and monks were installed in many of the wealthiest churches. Maintenance of a large fleet. Eadgar was followed by his son Eadward (the martyr), murdered 978.

978-1016. Æthelred II., the Unready, son of Eadgar,

in whose reign the political conquest of England was undertaken by the Danish sovereigns (p. 203). Danish invasions began, after a long interval, in 980. Death of Dunstan, 988. Battle of Maldon against the Danes (991), when Brihtnoth, ealdorman of the East Saxons, fell. (Song of Brihtnoth's Death.) In this year (991) the plan of buying off the Danes was adopted, 10,000 pounds being paid, which were raised by a special tax (Danegeld). În 994 Anlaf (Olaf Tryggvesson) and Swegen (Svend with the Forked Beard) ravaged Kent, and were paid 16,000 pounds. Ravages of the Northmen in 997, 998, 999, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1006, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1013, 1015.

1002. 24,000 pounds paid to the Northmen. Massacre of all (?) Danes in England, upon one day (Nov. 13, Danish Vespers) by order of Ethelred. Swegen resolves on the conquest of England. Marriage of Æthelred and Emma, daughter of Richard II., duke of Normandy. In 1007, 36,000 pounds, in 1012, 48,000 pounds, were paid to the Northmen. Death of Swegen (1014). Election of his son Cnut (Canute) to succeed him. The Danes had now recovered all that part of England which they had acquired by the treaty of Wedmore (p. 204) in 878. Upon the death of Ethelred the Danish party in England chose Cnut king, but the English party, which centred in London, chose Eadmund Ironside (1016), son of Æthelred. He made a brave stand, and many battles were fought this year. After the defeat of Eadmund at Assandun peace was concluded. Eadmund received Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, and London; Cnut received Northumberland and Mercia. The nominal overlordship of England remained with Eadmund. After the death of Eadmund (1016) Cnut became king of England.

1 Such is his conventional title: probably "Despiser of Counsel" would better convey the meaning of "Redeless"