A number of influential men soon becoming interested in the enterprise, the governing council or court of the company in England (that is to say, "The Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay in New England") consented that the charter and government should be transferred to the colony (Aug. 29), under which agreement John Winthrop was chosen governor, and in 1630 sailed for New England with a large number of settlers, who landed at Charlestown, where an offshoot from the Salem colony was already established. Here a church was founded and two courts of assistants held.

1629. Mason and Gorges dissolving their connection, a new grant was

made to each, Mason receiving the territory between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua, a region afterwards called New Hampshire.1 Gorges received the region between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec, under the name of New Somersetshire. 1630. Third and last patent of the Plymouth colony, whereby it was assigned the district between the Cohasset River and the Narraganset, extending westward to the limits of Pokenakut or Sowamset. "The colonists were allowed to make orders, ordinances, and constitutions, for the ordering, disposing, and governing their persons, and distributing the lands within the limits of the patent."

1630. Settlement of Boston, on the peninsula called Shawmut by the Indians, but Trimountain by the English, and then inhabited by an episcopal minister, William Blackstone. On Sept. 7, the court at Charlestown changed the name of Trimountain to Boston. First general court of Massachusetts held at Boston, Oct. 19. It was enacted that the freemen should elect the assistants, who were to choose out of their own number the governor, but the next court decreed that the governor, deputy governor, and assistants should be elected directly by the freemen. Only church-members were freemen, so that the freemen formed a minority of the population. In 1631 a fortified town was begun on the Charles and called Newtown (afterwards Cambridge).

Colony of Connecticut.

The Dutch (Adrian Block, 1614) were the first to explore the coast of Connecticut and the river of that name, when they built a fort near Hartford. In 1630 the council of Plymouth granted to the earl of Warwick the land 120 miles S. E. from the Narraganset River, and extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In 1631 Warwick transferred this grant to the viscount Say and Seal, lord Brook, and others. In 1633 the colonies of Plymouth and Boston conferred on the question of settling the Connecticut valley; as the Massachusetts colony declined the enterprise a company was sent out from

1 The "Deed from four Indian sagamores to John Wheelwright and others, 1629," long accepted as the foundation of the history of New Hampshire, is now generally accounted a forgery. Holmes, Annals, I. 199, note 2. Winthrop, Journal, ed. by Savage. Fogg, Gazeteer of N. H.

Plymouth, which disregarded the prohibition of the Dutch and set up a house on the Connecticut. The rival claims of the Dutch and English were discussed without effect by the colonies. 1634. The growth of the colony of Massachusetts Bay preventing the attendance of all freemen at the general court, it was enacted that whereas four courts should be held in a year, the whole body of freemen should be present at that court only in which the elections were held; at the other courts the freemen in the towns should send deputies.

1635. Surrender of the Charter of the Council of Plymouth to the crown in consequence of the hostility of the government and church.

1635. Foundation of the Connecticut colony by emigrants from Massachusetts (Windsor, Wethersfield, Hartford), and by John Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, who built a fort at Saybrook, under commission from the proprietors. In 1636 a large part of the inhabitants of Newtown (Cambridge) migrated to Connecticut and settled at Hartford.

1636. A code of laws (the General Fundamentals) established at Plymouth.

1636. Foundation of Providence by Roger Williams, who had been expelled from Salem in 1634 for holding heretical doctrines subversive of church and state.

1637. War of Connecticut (first general court at Hartford) and Massachusetts against the unruly tribe of Pequots in Connecticut. Defeat of the Indians.

1638. Foundation of the colony of Rhode Island by John Clark and others, who left Massachusetts on account of religious differences. Purchase of the island of Aquedneck (afterwards Isle of Rhodes) from the Indians.

Foundation of the colony of New Haven in Connecticut under
Davenport and Eaton.

In this year another attempt was made by quo warranto pro-
cess to rescind the charter of Massachusetts, but it failed of

success.

In consequence of a bequest of £779 17s. 2d. from John Harvard, of Charlestown, the public school which the colony had enacted in the previous year should be established at Newtown received the name of Harvard College, while the name of the town was changed to Cambridge.

1639. Windsor, Hartford, Wethersfield, on the Connecticut, united to form a separate government. The constitution (Jan. 14) placed the executive, legislative, and judicial powers in the general assembly, composed of the deputies of the towns in the ratio of numbers of freemen, meeting twice a year. All could vote who had taken the oath of allegiance to the constitution.

The grant of Sir Fernando Gorges was confirmed to him by the crown under the title of the Province of Maine.

A general assembly of the deputies of the towns in Plymouth colony met for the first time (June 4).

1641. The Body of Liberties, a code of 100 laws established by the general court of the colony of Massachusetts Bay. 1643. Creation of the United Colonies of New England by the alliance of Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay (May 19) for mutual defense.

B. Dutch Settlements.

1609. Henry Hudson, an Englishman in Dutch service, coasted from Newfoundland to the Chesapeake, and entered Hudson's River. Trading voyages of the Dutch (1610-1613).

1613. Establishment of a Dutch trading post on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson, or North River (so called to distinguish it from the South River, or Delaware). Alleged submission of the Dutch to Argal (p. 292).

1614. Establishment of the United New Netherland Company in Holland with a grant in America of territory from 40° N. to 45° N. Fort built at Manhattan, another, Fort Orange, near the present Albany (1615). Voyage of Adrian Block through Long Island sound (Block Island).

1621. Creation of the Dutch West India Company to take the place of the New Netherland Company whose charter had expired. 1626. Peter Minuit, having purchased Manhattan Island for twenty-four dollars, founded the settlement of New Amsterdam.

Settlements were made under the charter of the company in Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, as well as in New York. Many of these were founded under an enactment of the company which gave the title of patroon to any person who should bring over a certain number of colonists under certain conditions; the title represented a certain relation of suzerainty between the founder and the colonists.

The council for New England had opposed what it regarded as the Dutch invasion in 1620-21, and the remonstrances of the English grew stronger after the foundation of New Amsterdam (1627, 1632). The settlement of Connecticut from New England (1632-1638) was opposed by the Dutch in vain, and the entire region was wrested from them. (Protest of Kieft, governor of New Netherlands against the foundation of New Haven.) The Dutch drove a flourishing trade with the Five Nations of the Iroquois in central New York, whom they supplied with firearms.

C. Swedish Settlements.

1638. Foundation of Fort Christiana on the Delaware by a colony of Swedes and Finns. The colony was called New Sweden, and was followed by other settlements. The Dutch considered this an invasion of their rights, but the disputes that followed

led to no result until 1655, when New Sweden was annexed to New Netherlands.

D. New France and the Arctic Region.

It must be remembered that France claimed, by right of the discoveries of Verrazano, the whole of North America north of Spanish Florida and Mexico, although settlements had been made only in Nova Scotia and on the St. Lawrence, nothing having come of the projected settlement between Spanish Florida and English Virginia. It was with the French in the north that the English settlers had to deal; it was to Canada that they applied the name of New France, as that of Acadia was restricted to Nova Scotia. From the north the French afterwards made the great discoveries in the west which gave them new claims to the larger part of America.

1606. An attempted settlement on Cape Cod repulsed by the Indians. 1608. Foundation of Quebec (July 3) by a colony sent out by De Monts, under Champlain.

1609. Champlain, joining a war party of the Algonquins against the Iroquois, discovered Lake Champlain.

1610. Discovery of Hudson's Bay by Henry Hudson, who was searching for the northwest passage, in the service of an English company. On the return the crew mutinied and Hudson was put to sea in a small boat, and not heard of again.

1610. English colony sent to Newfoundland 46° N. to 52° N. (Conception Bay).

1612. Voyage of Thomas Button in search of the Northwest Passage. Discovery of New South Wales and New North Wales, Button's Bay. 1613. Madame de Guercheville, having secured the surrender of De Monts' patent, and the issue of a new patent from the crown for all New France between Florida and the St. Lawrence (except Port Royal), sent Saussage with two Jesuits, who took possession of Nova Scotia and founded a colony (St. Saviour) on Mt. Desert, which was immediately broken up by Argal's expedition from Virginia. All the French settlements in Acadia were also destroyed.

1615. Expedition of Champlain to Lake Huron.

1616. Voyage of Bylot and Baffin in search of the Northwest Passage. Discovery of Wolstenholme's Sound, Lancaster Sound, Baffin's Bay (78° N.).

1621. Grant of Acadia under the name of Nova Scotia, to Sir William Alexander by the crown of Scotland. An attempt at settlement was unsuccessful and the French continued in possession. Grant of a part of Newfoundland to Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) who resided there until 1631.

1627. Transfer of the colony of Quebec to the company of a hundred associates under Cardinal Richelieu.

1629. Conquest of Quebec by Louis and Thomas Kertk, under a commission from Charles I. for the conquest of New France.

An attack of David Kertk in 1628 had been repulsed by
Champlain.

1630. St. Estienne of La Tour, a Huguenot, bought from Sir William Alexander his patent for Nova Scotia, on condition that the colony should remain subject to Scotland.

1631. Voyages of Fox and James in search of a Northwest Passage. Fox explored the west coast of Hudson Bay from 65° 30' to 55°10′ in vain, but discovered Fox's Channel and reached Cape Peregrine. James discovered James Bay, where he passed a terrible winter.

1632. Treaty of St. Germain between France and England. Cession of New France, Acadia, and Canada to France. 1635. Seizure of the trading post established at Penobscot by the Plymouth colonists by the French. Plymouth sent a vessel against the French, but failed to recover the place. Death of Champlain.

1641. Maisonneuve appointed governor of Montreal; in 1642 he brought over several families and took possession of the island.

§ 3. GERMANY TO THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. THE REFORMATION.

1493-1514. Maximilian I.,

who first took the title of "Roman Emperor elect.” 1495. Diet at Worms. Perpetual public peace. Imperial Chamber (Reichskammergericht), first at Frankfort, then at Speier, after 1689 at Wetzlar. At the diet of Cologne (1512), establishment of ten circles for the better maintenance of the public peace (Landfriedenskreise): Circle of : 1. Austria; 2. Bavaria; 3. Swabia; 4. Franconia; 5. the Upper Rhine (Lorraine, Hesse, etc.); 6. the Lower Rhine, or the Electorates (Mainz, Trier, Cologne); 7. Burgundy (1556, ceded to the Spanish line of Hapsburg); 8. Westphalia; 9. Lower Saxony (Brunswick, Lüneburg, Lauenburg, Holstein, Mecklenburg, etc.); 10. Upper Saxony (Saxony, Brandenburg, Pomerania, etc.). In all comprising 240 estates of the empire, exclusive of the imperial knights. Bohemia and the neighboring states, Moravia, Silesia, Lusatia, with Prussia and Switzerland, which was already completely independent, in fact, were not included in the circles.

Establishment of the Aulic Council, a court more under the control of the emperor than the Imperial Chamber, and to which a large part of the work belonging to the latter was gradually diverted.

Maximilian was obliged to invest Louis XII. of France with Milan. 1508. League of Cambray between Maximilian, Louis XII., Pope

Julius II., and Ferdinand the Catholic, against Venice. Maximilian took possession of a part of the territory of the republic, but besieged Padua in vain (1509). The Pope withdrew from the league, and concluded with Venice and Ferdinand the Holy League (1511) against France, in which they were finally (1513) joined by Maximilian (p. 319).

The following genealogical table shows the claim of the house of Hapsburg to Spain, and its division into a Spanish and German line.