fend the colony in the suit of the heirs of Gorges were sent home with the demand that the Maine purchase be undone and new agents sent to answer the complaints against the colony. Edward Randolph was sent over as collector of customs for Boston, where, however, he was sturdily opposed. The new agents giving no satisfaction, a writ of quo warranto was issued against the colony in 1683, and the court of chancery decided against the colony and declared the charter forfeited (1684). The king appointed colonel Kirke governor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Plymouth, but before he re ceived his commission Charles died and James II. appointed Joseph Dudley president of New England. He took office in 1686. 1686. Issue of a quo warranto writ against Connecticut and Carolina. New York deprived of an assembly and other liberties. Appointment of Sir Edmund Andros as president of New England. He arrived at Boston Dec. 20. Randolph was now deputy postmaster in New England. Andros assumed the government of Rhode Island. Establishment of an Episcopal society in Boston, for the use of which Andros forcibly seized the Old South Church.

1687. Quo warranto against Maryland.

Oct. Sir Edmund Andros assumed the government of Connecticut and attempted to secure the charter, but it was carried off from the hall of assembly and hidden in the famous Charter Oak.

1688. Tyranny of Andros in Massachusetts. New York and New Jersey placed under his government. Erection of King's Chapel, as an Episcopal church, in Boston.

1689. On the receipt of news of the revolution in England, and the establishment of William and Mary, Sir Edmund Andros was seized in Boston (April 18) and thrown into prison. Restoration of the old government. "Council of safety of the people and conservation of the peace." Assembly of representatives at Boston. Provisional resumption of the charter; proclamation of William and Mary. Reëstablishment of the former governments in Rhode Island and Connecticut. New York. Virginia and Maryland proclaimed William and Maria.

66

1689-1697. King William's War" with the French, a part of the universal war against Louis XIV. The French were assisted by the Canadian Indians and those of Maine, while the Iroquois took the war path against the French. 1690. Surprise and destruction of Schenectady (Feb. 8), of Salmon Falls (March 18), and of Casco (May 17), by three bands of French and Indians.

April. Capture of Port Royal by Sir William Phips, who afterwards made a futile attack upon Quebec, by vote of a congress of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New York. The failure imposed so large a debt on the colonies that Massachusetts was obliged to issue paper money for the first time. 1692. New charter for Massachusetts. Sir William Phips ap

pointed governor. Under this charter were included the colony of Plymouth, the provinces of Maine, Nova Scotia and all land north to the St. Lawrence; also the Elizabeth Islands, Nantasket, and Martha's Vineyard. The new charter gave the appointment of the governor to the crown, and vested in him the right of calling, proroguing, and dissolving the general court, of appointing military officers and officers of justice (with the consent of the council), of vetoing acts of the legislature and appointments of civil officers made by the legislature. The electoral franchise was extended to all freeholders with a yearly income of forty shillings, and all inhabitants having personal property to the amount of £40. Religious liberty was secured to all except Papists.

1692, Feb. Commencement of the Salem witchcraft frenzy. Before October twenty persons were executed.

Construction of Fort William Henry at Pemaquid in Maine by
Sir William Phips.

Rhode Island and Connecticut were allowed to retain their
charters.

Charter of the "College of William and Mary" in Virginia.

Sir Edmund Andros appointed governor of Virginia and Maryland.

1693. Government of Pennsylvania taken from Penn by the crown. An English expedition against Canada was planned but failed of execution.

Fletcher, governor of New York (and now of Pennsylvania), having been entrusted with the command of the militia of Connecticut, went to Hartford Oct. 26 to assert his authority, but was repulsed by the assembly, and by Wadsworth,. senior captain of the militia.

French expedition of Frontenac against the Iroquois.

1696. Capture of the fort at Pemaquid by the French under Iberville. An expedition of count Frontenac against the Iroquois resulted in little more than the destruction of their harvests.

1697. The Peace of Ryswick (p. 371) prevented the execution of a French attack upon Newfoundland. Restoration of conquests by both combatants.

Third expedition of Frontenac against the Iroquois, with little effect.

1699. The French settled in Louisiana. The French claimed control of the fisheries on the north coast, and of the territory from the Kennebec eastward.

Foundation of a Scotch settlement at Darien in the hope of acquiring great wealth by the command of commercial transit (Paterson). The first expedition (1,200 men, besides women and children) perished from starvation, or returned to Scotland; the second was broken up by the Spaniards who considered the settlement a breach of the treaty of Ryswick. 1700. Iberville took possession of the Mississippi for France. 1701. William Penn obtained a new charter for Pennsylvania.

1701. Foundation of Yale College at New Haven in Connecticut. 1702. Joseph Dudley, governor of Massachusetts. Quarrel with the general court over the proposed salaries.to be paid the governor, lieutenant-governor, etc.

An expedition projected by governor Moore of Carolina against St. Augustine resulted in failure. The debt thus incurred was discharged by an issue of paper money.

1702-1713. "Queen Anne's War" with the French. 1703. Pennsylvania divided into the province and the territories, with separate assemblies.

1704. Deerfield in Massachusetts destroyed by French and Indians. This was avenged by an expedition under colonel Church which ravaged the French settlements on the east coast of New England.

Establishment of the Church of England in Carolina. The complaints of dissenters against some details of ecclesiastical administration led to the issue of a quo warranto against the colony, but nothing came of the matter.

1706. Invasion of Carolina by the French and Spanish in assertion of the Spanish claims to that country as a part of Florida. They were repulsed and defeated on land and sea with great loss by William Rhett.

1707. New England sent an expedition against Port Royal, which returned without effecting its capture.

1708. Surprise of Haverhill by French and Indians.

1709. An expedition was planned against Canada and Acadia to which the colonies were to contribute 2,700 men. The project was abandoned by the English government after the men had been raised, and Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey were obliged to issue paper money to cancel their debts. 1710. Capture of Port Royal by a fleet from England. Change of the name of the city to Annapolis.

1711. An expedition against Canada numbering 68 sail and 6,463 soldiers, largely raised by the colonies, met with disaster and was abandoned.

1712. A massacre of colonists in Carolina by the Tuscaroras and other tribes was followed by the dispatch of Barnwell against the Indians. After a difficult march he succeeded in almost annihilating the Tuscaroras, many of whom fled to the Iroquois. 1713. Treaty of Utrecht, between Great Britain and France (p. 393). Cession of Hudson Bay and Straits, of Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and St. Christopher (in the West Indies) to England.

French settlements and discoveries.

In the earlier part of the century the French had established a claim to Canada and Acadia, extending to the Kennebec in Maine, although the English claimed as far as the Penobscot. From this

vantage ground they extended their discoveries south and west. Jesuit missionaries labored among the Hurons in the country between lakes Erie, Ontario, and Huron, planted the missions of St. Mary (1668) and Michillimachinac, died with their flocks when the undying enmity of the Iroquois annihilated the Hurons (Brebœuf, Lallemont), or sought torture and death at the hands of the Five Nations (Isaac Jogues, 1640-1654).

1656. Acadia and Nova Scotia granted to St. Etienne and others by Cromwell.1

1656-1658. French colony in western New York, soon broken up. 1659. Francois de Laval, bishop of New France.

1662. The hundred associates of Quebec reconsigned their rights to the king, who soon after granted New France to the French West India Company.

1665. Courcelles, governor of New France. The colony was more than doubled by the transportation of many emigrants from France.

1666. Expedition of Tracy and Courcelles against the Mohawks. 1666. Allouez founded the mission of St. Esprit on the southern shore of lake Superior.

1668. The peace of Breda ended the war between England and France which had broken out in 1666. England restored Acadia to France, and obtained from France Antigua, Montserrat, and St. Christopher. This was followed by a peace between the French and the Five Nations. In this year

Foundation of Sault Ste. Marie, at the entrance of lake Superior by Dablon and Marquette.

1672. Tour of Allouez and Dablon in Wisconsin and Illinois. 1673. Discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette and Joliet (June 17) who descended the stream for an uncertain distance. Count Frontenac, governor of Canada, completed a fort at Ontario called after himself. Construction of a fort at Michillimachinac.

1678. Robert, cavalier de La Salle, began his career of discovery in the great west. Launching in the Niagara, the Griffin, a vessel of forty-five tons, the first ever seen on the great lakes, he sailed Aug. 7, 1679. He passed through lakes Erie, Huron, and Michigan, and landed at the extreme southern end of the latter lake in October. He built a fort on the St. Joseph and crossed the portage to the Illinois. Not hearing from the Griffin he returned on foot to Canada. Obtaining fresh supplies he retraced his route to the Illinois only to find the fort which he had there erected deserted. Again he returned to Canada; again he obtained aid, and again undertook his enterprise. 1680. Discovery of the Mississippi by Hennepin, a priest in the company of La Salle. He ascended the river to 46° N., but the claim which he later advanced that he had explored the Mississippi to the sea is probably false.

1 The southern boundary of Acadia in the grant of Henry IV., 1630, was 40° N.; the southwestern limit of Nova Scotia in the grant of James I.. 1621, was the river St. Croix. Holmes, Annals, I. 307, note 4.

1682. La Salle, reaching the Mississippi by way of the St. Joseph and the Illinois, descended the great river to the sea and took possession of its valley for Louis XIV., April 9, under the name of Louisiana.

1684. Expedition of De la Barre against the Iroquois, which failed of

1687.

success.

La Salle having announced his discovery in France was sent out at the head of four vessels and a number of settlers to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. Contention between La Salle and the commander of the vessels, who was jealous of the discoverer, resulted in disaster. The squadron missed the mouth of the Mississippi and landed at Matagora Bay (St. Louis), four hundred miles to the west. Here La Salle built a fort, but privation and disease soon greatly reducing the numbers of the colony he undertook to go on foot to Canada for relief. On this expedition

La Salle was shot by one of his own men. The settlement of Mar. 19. St. Louis soon perished.

1687.

Expedition of De Denonville against the Senecas. At this time there were about 11,000 persons in New France.

1689-1697. War of William and Mary, see p. 361.

1695.

Expeditions of Frontenac against the Iroquois (1693, 1696, 1697).

Foundation of Kaskaskia in Illinois.

1699. The French and the English both attempted to found a colony in Louisiana. The French colony was sent out by Louis XIV. under Lemoine d'Iberville, who entered the Mississippi March 2, and founded a settlement at Biloxi. The English attempt was made by Coxe, a claimant of the old grant of Carolana, who entered the Mississippi, but finding the French before him, retired (Detour aux Anglais).

1700. An expedition from Biloxi ascended to the falls of St. Anthony, in search of gold.

Iberville returning from France took possession of Louisiana anew for the crown. Erection of a fort.

Foundation of Cahokia in Illinois. Fort at Detroit (1701). 1702-13. Queen Anne's war, see p. 363.

1705. 1712.

Iberville brought new settlers from France and transferred the colony of Biloxi to Mobile in Alabama. Iberville † 1706. Foundation of Vincennes in Indiana.

Grant to Sieur Antoine Crozat of the whole commerce of fifteen years of all the "king's lands in North America lying between New France on the north, Carolina on the east, and New Mexico on the west, down to the gulf of Florida; by the name of Louisiana."

§ 2. FRANCE.

1643-1715. Louis XIV. (five years old),

under the guardianship of his mother, Anna, daughter of Philip III., king of Spain, called by the French Anne of Austria, i. e.