Aug. 1.

Death of Anne.

Alexander Pope, 1688-1744; Jonathan Swift, 1667–1745; Daniel Defoe, 1661 ?-1731; Joseph Addison, 1672-1719; Sir Richard Steele, 1671-1729. Periodical literature; Tatler, 1709, Apr. 12-1711, Jan. 2; Spectator, 1711, Mar. 1-1714, Dec. 20. 1714-x. House of Hanover or Brunswick.

None of Anne's seventeen children having survived her, the crown, according to the act of succession, descended to the protestant house of Hanover, the catholic line of the Stuarts being excluded.

1714, Sept. 18. The king landed in England. George I. favored the Whigs in the formation of the first government; Lord Townshend sec. of state; Shrewsbury resigned, and Halifax was made first lord of the treasury (Shrewsbury was the last lord high treasurer); Sunderland lord lieutenant of Ireland; lord Cowper chancellor ; earl of Nottingham president of the council; Marlborough commander-in-chief.

1715, Mar. 17–1722, Mar. 7. First Parliament of George I. (V.). Impeachment of Bolingbroke, Ormond, Oxford. Flight of Bolingbroke and Ormond; Oxford committed to the Tower. Jacobite riots. Riot act.

1715-1716, Sept. Jacobite rising in Scotland under the earl of Mar. Battles of Sheriffmuir and Preston. Arrival of the Pretender in Scotland (Dec.) As his friends dispersed upon the approach of the duke of Argyle, the Pretender abandoned Scotland (Feb. 5, 1716) and returned to France.

Barrier treaty (in 1781 Joseph II. dismantled the fortresses). Impeachment of the Jacobite leaders. Execution of Derwentwater and Kenmure (Feb. 24).

Act creating septennial instead of triennial parliaments. 1717, Jan. 4. Triple alliance between England, France, and Holland in consequence of the intrigues of the Pretender, Charles XII. of Sweden, and Spain (Alberoni).

Feb. 20, 1722-Mar. 7. First Septennial Parliament.

Convocation ceased to meet for business (revived under the present reign).

1718, Aug. 2. Quadruple alliance between England, France, the emperor, Holland (p. 397).

1718, Dec. 17-1720. War between England and Spain.

1718, Jan. Repeal of the occasional conformity act and the schism act.

1719. Abortive Spanish expedition to Scotland in favor of the Pretender.

Nov. 20. Treaty of Stockholm; Sweden ceded Bremen and Verden (p. 397) to George I. for 1,000,000 rix dollars.

1720, Jan. Spain joined the quadruple alliance. Bursting of the south sea bubble, from a panic originating in the failure of Law's scheme in France.

1721-1742. Administration of Walpole (1726–1742, administration of Fleury in France).

1722, Oct. 9-1727, July 17. Second parliament of George I. (VI.).

1725, Sept. 3. Treaty of Hanover between England, France and Prussia (alliance of Herrenhausen).

1727, June 11. Death of George I.

1727-1760. George II.

Walpole continued in office. The king governed by his wife,
Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline, of Anspach.

1728, Jan. 23-1734, Apr. 16. First Parliament of George II. (VII.).

1729, Nov. 9. Treaty of Seville with Spain; restoration of conquest; confirmation of the assiento. Gibraltar ceded to England.

1731, Mar. 16. Treaty of Vienna: dissolution of the Ostend East India Co. which had been formed as a rival to the English East India Co. by the emperor.

1735, Jan. 14–1741, Apr. 25. Second Parliament of George II. (VIII.).

1736. Porteous riots in Edinburgh. 1739-1748. War with Spain. 1739, Nov. 22. Capture of Porto Bello in Darien by admiral Vernon. 1740. Futile attack upon Carthagena by Vernon and Wentworth. Disease in the army.

1740, Sept.-1744, June. Voyage of commodore Anson to the coast of Chili and Peru and around the world.

1741, Dec. 1-1747, June 17. Third Parliament of George II. (IX.). Fall of Walpole (succeeded by the earl of Wilmington, Feb. 1742).

1743-1754. Administration of Henry Pelham, who succeeded the earl of Wilmington (†), July 1743, as first lord of the treasury. 1740-1748. War of the Austrian Succession.

England took part with Austria (pragmatic army); for her share in the war see p. 400.

Nov. Ministry of Pelham, Pitt, Newcastle, Harrington (Stanhope), Bedford. ("Broad Bottom Ministry.")

1745, May 11. Battle of Fontenoy (p. 402); Saxe defeated Cumberland. Louisburg taken from the French (p. 421).

The young Pretender, Charles Edward, landed in Scotland (July 25), and proclaimed his father († 1765) as James VIII. of Scotland and III. of England.

Sept. 11.

Sept. 21.

The Pretender entered Edinburgh with some 2,000 men.
Jacobite victory at Prestonpans.

Dec. 4. Pretender at Derby (about 6,000 men).

Dec. 18. Jacobite victory at Penrith.

1746, Jan. 17. Jacobite victory at Falkirk Moor, over general Hawley.

April 16. Battle of Culloden; victory of the duke of Cumberland over lord George Murray and the Pretender.

Execution of Jacobite lords. Escape of the Pretender to France (Sept. 20).

1747, Nov. 10-1754, Apr. 6. Fourth Parliament of George II. (X.).

1748, Oct. Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (p. 403).

1752. Adoption of the reformed (Gregorian) calendar in England and the colonies.

The year was to begin Jan. 1 instead of March 25; eleven days were omitted between Sept. 3 and 14.

1754. The duke of Newcastle succeeded his brother, Mr. Pelham († March), as prime minister. Fox secretary of state. 1754, May 31-1761, Mar. 19. Fifth Parliament of George II. (XI.).

1755-1763. Land and naval war between England and France (Seven Years' War), originating in boundary disputes in North America, carried on by land in America (and Germany), by sea in all parts of the world. The English had the advantage of the French almost everywhere. (War in America, p. 420; in Europe, p. 403 ; in India, p. 443.)

1753. Foundation of the British Museum. 1756. Black Hole at Calcutta. (p. 443.) 1757-1761, Oct. 5. Coalition ministry of the duke of Newcastle, first lord of the treasury, and the elder Pitt (William Pitt, b. 1708; member of the commons 1735; vice-treasurer for Ireland 1746; privy councillor and paymaster-general, secretary of state 1756; retired 1761; in opposition 1761-1766; privy seal 1766– 1768; earl of Chatham July 29, 1766; died May 11, 1778), secretary of state.

1759, Sept. 13. Battle of Quebec, death of Wolfe.

1759, Nov. 20. Naval battle of Quiberon Bay; defeat of the French by Sir Edward Hawke.

1760, Oct. 25. Death of George II.

1760-1820. George III., first part of his reign, to 1783. 1761, Aug. 15. Bourbon family compact,

between France and Spain with the assumption of the accession of Naples and Parma, for reciprocal guarantee of all possessions and an offensive and defensive alliance. Pitt, insisting that war ought to be declared upon Spain, resigned (Oct. 5). Lord Bute, the true adviser of the king; "the king's friends;" the "power behind the throne."

1761, Oct. 5-1762, May 29.

Ministry of the duke of Newcastle. Egremont and Bute, secretaries of state; George Grenville leader in the commons.

1761, Nov. 3-1768, Mar. 10. First Parliament of George III. (XII.).

1762, Jan. War declared against Spain.

1762, May 29–1763, Apr. 1. Ministry of lord Bute; Grenville, secretary of state.

1763, Feb. 10. Peace of Paris

between Great Britain, France, and Spain.

1. France ceded to England: in North America, Canada, and Cape Breton Island; the Mississippi was recognized as the boundary between Louisiana and the British colonies; in the West Indies Granada; in Africa the French possessions on the Senegal. England restored to France Goree in Africa, and all conquests in India. 2. Spain ceded to England Florida, as indemnification for which France had already ceded Louisiana to Spain; Spain received from England all conquests in Cuba including Havana.

In consequence of this peace and her acquisitions in India (p. 443) Great Britain reached the summit of her extent and power; the North American colonies had gradually developed into states under governors, with liberal constitutions, modeled after that of Great Britain. 1763, April 1-1765, July. Ministry of George Grenville; Halifax

and Egremont, secretaries of states; Fox created lord Holland. No. 45 of the North Briton containing insulting remarks concerning the king by John Wilkes, general warrants for the apprehension of the authors, printers, and publishers, were issued. Wilkes was arrested and expelled from the commons. General warrants declared illegal by the chief justice. Wilkes outlawed.

1765, Feb. Stamp act (p. 425).

1765, July-1766, July. Ministry of the marquis of Rockingham ; general Conway secretary of state and leader of the commons. 1766, March. Repeal of stamp act (p. 423).

1766, April 22. General warrants declared illegal by resolution of the commons (a declaratory bill to this effect was thrown out by the lords).

Aug. 1767, Dec. Ministry of Chatham; Grafton.

1767, Dec-1770, Jan. Ministry of the duke of Grafton; Townshend chancellor of the exchequer; general Conway, lord Shelburne, secretaries of state. Pitt (earl of Chatham) lord privy seal. Lord Hillsborough first colonial secretary.

1768, May 10-1774, June 22. Second Parliament of George III. (XIII.). Wilkes member for Middlesex.

1769, Feb. Wilkes expelled the house for an alleged libel on lord Weymouth. He was thrice elected and thrice rejected; at the last election his opponent, colonel Luttrell, who received a small minority, was declared elected.

1769-1772. Letters of Junius, containing bitter attacks upon the duke of Grafton, lord Mansfield (Murray), and other members of the government, appeared in the "Daily Advertiser." The author is still unknown, though the letters are attributed by many with great confidence to Sir Philip Francis.

1770, Jan.-1782, March 20. Ministry of lord North (first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer).

1770, May. Remonstrance of the lord mayor and aldermen of London with the king.

1771.

Abortive attempt of the commons to prevent the publication of speeches. Complaint of colonel Onslow; arrest of the printers; commitment of Crosby, lord mayor, and Oliver, alderman of London, for granting bail.

1774. Boston Port Bill (p. 425).

1774, Nov. 29-1780, July 8. Third Parliament of George III. (XIV.).

Wilkes, lord mayor, and member for Middlesex ; motion to expunge the resolution rejecting him. (On the sixth motion, May 3, 1782, he was successful, and the resolutions were expunged" as subversive of the rights of electors.")

1775-1783. War of independence of the British colonies in North America, see p. 426.

1778-1783. War between Great Britain and France. 1778. Repeal of penal laws against papists in England. 1779-1783. War between Great Britain and Spain.

1779-1782. Gibraltar besieged by the French and Spanish in vain; bravely defended by Elliott.

1780. No popery riots, caused by the intended relief of papists in Scotland. Protestant associations; lord George Gordon, president.

June 2. Presentation of a no popery petition; riot in London lasting five days. Executions.