the clergy; the pastors to be chosen by the voters of the districts, the bishops by the voters of the departments. Only one third of the ecclesiastics submitted to the new constitution by taking the required oath, so that henceforward there was a distinction between priests who had taken the oath (prêtres assermentés) and priests who had not (réfractaires). Clubs had existed since 1789; the Jacobins, named after their place of assembly, which was formerly occupied by Dominican monks from the Rue St. Jacques (Robespierre), soon the greatest power in the state; the Cordeliers, who held their meetings in a monastery of Franciscans (Danton, Marat, Camille Desmoulins, Hébert); the Feuillants, moderate monarchists who had separated from the Jacobins (Lafayette, Bailly). Reorganization of the municipality (commune) of Paris, in forty-eight sections; 84,000 voters (pop. 800,000); general council, executive board (44). Each section had its primary assembly. 1790, Sept. Fall of Necker. Alliance between the court and Mirabeau, who endeavored to stem the revolution and prevent the destruction of the throne. 1791, April 2. Death of Mirabeau. June 20. Flight of the king. Stopped at Varennes, brought back to Paris (June 25). Unprovoked assault on a meeting in the Champs de Mars (July 17, "massacre of the Champs de Mars.") Suspended, reinstated by the moderate party (Sept.), Louis XVI. accepted the constitution as revised and completed. Dissolution of the assembly (Sept. 30) after it had voted that none of its members should be eligible for reëlection to the next legislature. 1791, Oct. 1-1792, Sept. Legislative Assembly. 745 representatives, mostly from the middle class. Parties: the right, composed of constitutionalists, royalists, Feuillants, became weaker with every day. The left side, comprising the majority, was divided into: 1. Moderate republicans (the plain, la plaine), containing the group of the Girondists (so called after its leading members from Bordeaux, the department of the Gironde), Guadet, Vergniaud, Brissot, etc., advocates of a federal republic. 2. The Mountain (la montagne, les montagnards), so called from their seats, which were the highest on the left side of the hall, radicals, adherents of a united, indivisible republic (une et indivisible). They were composed of the leaders of the clubs of the Jacobins and the Cordeliers. Pétion, mayor of Paris. 1791, Aug. Meeting at Pillnitz between 1786-1797. Frederic William II., king of Prussia (Wöllner, Bischofswerder), and 1790-1792. Leopold II., the emperor. Preliminary understanding in regard to Eastern matters, the political relations, and the French disturbances. 1791, Sept. Annexation of Avignon (massacres) and the Venaissin to France. 1792, Feb. Alliance between Austria and Prussia. Leopold was suc ceeded by 1792-1806. Francis II. (As emperor of Austria, Francis I. until 1835). 1792-1797. tion. Pillnitz. War between France and the First Coali A Girondist ministry (Roland, Dumouriez) took the place of the constitutionalist ministry, whose fall was caused by the declaration of April 20. Declaration of war against Austria. Three armies in the field. Rochambeau (48,000), between Dunkirk and Philippeville; Lafayette (52,000), between Philippeville and Lauterbourg; Luckner (42,000), between Lauterbourg and Basle. The fortune of war was against the French, which increased the revolutionary excitement at Paris. Dismissal of the ministry of Roland (June 13). June 20. Invasion of the Tuileries by the mob. Calm behavior of the king; the bonnet rouge. July 11. The Legislative Assembly pronounced the country in danger. Formation of a volunteer army of revolutionists throughout the country. Threatening manifesto of the duke of Brunswick. The municipal council of Paris broken up and its place usurped by commissioners from the sections; the new commune (288 members). Aug. 10. (Tenth of August). Storm of the Tuileries by the mob, in consequence of an order given by the king to the Swiss guards, who were advancing victoriously, to cease firing. Massacre of the Swiss guards. The king took refuge in the hall of the Assembly, was suspended, and placed in the tower of the temple (the old house of the Knights Templars). Numerous arrests of suspected persons. The Jacobins in power. Call of a national convention, elected by manhood suffrage, to draw up a constitution for the state. Aug. 13. Aug. 20. Lafayette, impeached and proscribed, fled, was captured by the Austrians and imprisoned in Olmütz (till 1796). Verdun taken by the Prussians; battles at Grandpré and Valmy. Sept. 2-7. Jail delivery at Paris : terrible massacre, lasting five days, of royalists and constitutionalists detained in the prisons, instigated by the city council and by Danton, the minister of justice. Like scenes took place at Versailles, Lyons, Rheims, Meaux and Orléans. 20 Sept. French (Dumouriez, Kellermann) success at Valmy against the allies (duke of Brunswick). 1792, Sept. 21-1795, Oct. National Convention composed entirely of republicans (749 members, 486 new men). Parties, Girondists (right, Vergniaud, Brissot) and the Mountain (left; members for Paris, Robespierre, duke of Orléans (Philip Egalité), Danton, Collot d' Herbois). 1792. Abolition of the monarchy. France declared a Sept. 21. Republic. Sept. 22 was the first day of the year one of the French republic. Citoyen et citoyenne; decree of perpetual banishment against emigrants; tu et toi. Inglorious retreat of the Prussians through Champagne to Luxembourg and across the Rhine. The French general, Custine, took Speier, Mainz, and Frankfort on the Main. Occupation of Nice and Savoy (Sept.). 1792. Victory of the French general Dumouriez at Jemmapes. He Nov. 6. took Brussels and conquered the Austrian Netherlands. The Prussians retook Frankfort. Nov. 19. Proclamation of the convention offering French assistance to all peoples who wished to throw off their present govern ment. Savoy and Nice annexed; the Schelde opened to commerce (p. 408). 1792, Dec.-1793, Jan. Trial of Louis XVI. before the convention. Barrère prosecutor; Malesherbes, Desèze, Tronchet, for the defense. Proposed appeal to the nation rejected. January 15, 683 votes out of 721 declared the king guilty. Jan. 16, 361 votes, exactly a majority (among them that of the duke of Orléans (Egalité), were cast unconditionally for death, 360 being cast for imprisonment, banishment, or death with respite. 1793, Jan. 21. Execution of Louis XVI. Feb. 1. War declared against Great Britain, Holland, Spain. England, Holland, Spain and the Empire, joined the alliance against France, Sardinia having been at war with the latter power since July, 1792. Annexation of Belgium. The emigrants, under the prince of Condé, proclaimed Louis XVII., who was a prisoner in the temple. Royalistic revolt in the Vendée, upon occasion of a levy of recruits. (Charette, Stofflet, Cathelineau, La Rochejaquelein). The Austrians under the duke of Coburg defeated Dumouriez at Neerwinden (March 18), and recaptured Brussels. Dumouriez went over to the Austrians with the duke of Chartres, Louis Philippe, son of Egalité. March 9. Establishment of the revolutionary tribunal. At Paris, in the convention, struggle for life and death, between the Girondists and the Mountain. After the failure of the plan of the Orléanists, belonging to the Mountain, to make the duke of Orléans (Egalité), protector, all power centred in the Committee of General Security and the 1793. Committee of Public Safety (Comité du Salut April 6. Public). Composed of nine (afterwards twelve) members, who exercised dictatorial power. Leaders: Danton (from the first); Robespierre, St. Just, Couthon (these three in July); afterwards, Carnot, who managed the military department only, and Collot d'Herbois (Sept.). The third, and in reality the greatest power in the state, was the commune of Paris, now reorganized on the basis of manhood suffrage, and acting though its committee, now numbering only twenty, at the Hôtel de Ville, under the guidance of Chaumette, and especially of Hébert (editor of Le Père Duchesne). Financial difficulties. New issues of assignats based on the lands of the emigrants, the sale of which was ordered. Attempts to check the depreciation of assignats by severe penalties. June 2. An uprising of the mob, organized by the commune of Paris, commanded by Henriot, compelled the convention to arrest thirty-one Girondists (Brissot, Vergniaud, Pétion). The second, fully democratic constitution, as passed by the convention, was sent to the primary assemblies of voters for ratification, but never came to execution. 1793, July 13. Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday (executed July 15). 1793-1794. Reign of Terror in France. Robespierre at the head of the state. Revolutionary committees throughout the country. Commissaries of the committee of public safety committed unheard-of atrocities in the large cities of the provinces. Tallien at Bordeaux, Lebon in Arras, Carrier in Nantes, Challier, Couthon, Fouche, Collot d'Herbois in Lyons. Mainz captured by the Prussians after a siege of three months (July). The allies took the fortresses of Condé and Valenciennes. For this reason Custine was executed at Paris. The English laid siege to Toulon. The troops of the Republic were driven back at almost all points. Revolts in the interior, partially conducted by Girondists who had escaped from Paris. Energetic measures of the committee of public safety (Carnot). 1793, Aug. 23. Levy of the whole male population capable of bear ing arms. Fourteen armies were soon placed in the field. Caen, Bordeaux, Marseilles, conquered by the republicans. Lyons Oct. captured after a two months' siege and partially destroyed; Massacre of the inhabitants (Collot, Fouché; la commune affranchie.) Sept. 17. Establishment of a maximum price for a vast number of commodities; also for wages. The state exacted all its labor and goods at the maximum price and paid in assignats at the face value, the market value being one third of the face. Law authorizing the imprisonment of all persons suspected (loi des suspects) of being unfriendly to the republic. Defeat of the Vendeans at Chollet (Oct. 20) and at Le Mans (Dec. 12). Revolutionary tribunal at Nantes (15,000 persons put to death in the three months of October, November, December by Carrier; noyades, fusillades, marriages républicains). Oct. 16. Execution of the queen, Marie Antoinette. Place de la Concorde); Fouquier-Tinville, public prosecutor. Execution of Bailly, Egalité (Nov.), Madame Roland. Abolition of the worship of God. Cult of reason (Hébert, Chaumette, Cloots). Profanation of the royal sepulchre at St. Denis. Revolutionary calendar. Beginning of the year one, Sept. 22, 1792. The months: Vendémiaire, Brumaire, Frimaire; Nivose, Pluviose, Ventose; Germinal, Floréal, Prairial; Messidor, Thermidor, Fructidor; each month had thirty days, five intercalary days (sans culottes), every tenth day a holiday. Transportation of priests. Nov. 10. Festival of reason in Notre Dame. Abolition of the old army. Creation of a new army. Capture of Condé, Valenciennes, La Quesnoi by the allies (Coburg). Jourdan commander of the French forces. Oct. 11-13. Storm of the French lines at Weissenburg on the Rhine by Austrians and Prussians (Pichegru, commander of the French on the Rhine, Hoche, of the army on the Moselle.) Nov. Defeat of Hoche by the duke of Brunswick at Kaiserslauten. Dec. Pichegru defeated the Austrians under Wurmser. Retreat of the allies across the Rhine. Worms and Speier recaptured. Toulon rescued from the English. First appearance of Napoleon Bonaparte (b. Aug. 15, 1769, at Ajaccio in Corsica; 1779 at the military school in Brienne; 1785 lieutenant in Valence, 1793 captain; at Toulon, colonel; after the capture, brigadier-general; adherent of the revolutionary movement, in close connection with the Jacobins, particularly with the two Robespierres, although he afterward denied it 1). 1794. Robespierre (representing the committee of public safety) crushed both parties which were opposed to him, the ultra-revolutionary commune (Hébertists) and the moderate Dantonists (the Mountain), using one against the other. After an unsuccessful attempt at an insurrection March 24. Condemnation and execution of the Hébertists (Chaumette, Hébert, Cloots, etc.). March 29, condemnation of the Dantonists. April 6. Execution of Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Hérault de Séchelles, etc. April 18. Defeat of the allies by Pichegru at Turcoing. April 19. Treaty of the Hague between England and Prussia; subsidies for 60,000 men. Unhampered rule of the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre abolished the worship of reason and caused the convention to pass a resolution acknowledging the existence of a supreme being. June 8. Fêtes de l'Être suprême; Robespierre high priest. June 10. Portentous increase of power bestowed on the revolutionary tribunal. Juries to convict without hearing evidence or 1 P. Lanfrey, Histoire de Napoleon I. |