1835, Sept. Reform of municipal corporations act, London not

included.

1836. Commutation of tithes act.

1837, June 20. Death of William IV.

The British in India.

1786-1793. Lord Cornwallis, governor-general.

1792.

1793.

War with Tipú Sultán, ended by the cession of one half of
Mysore to the English and allies.

Capture of Pondicherri, sir John Shore (afterwards lord
Teignmouth), governor-general, succeeded by

1798-1805. lord Mornington (afterwards marquis of Wellesley). 1799. Tipu Sultan, trusting in the promises of Bonaparte, again took up arms, was killed, and his dominions were divided between the English and the Nizám.

1802. Holkar, one of the Mahrattá chiefs, drove the Peshwa from Poona. By the treaty of Bassein the English agreed to assist the Peshwa provided he would surrender his independence, and maintain a body of European troops (the subsidiary policy). Sindhia and the Raja of Nagpur united with Holkar against the English. The latter under sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards duke of Wellington), brother of the governor-general, 1803. gained the battles of Assaye, Sept. 3, and Argaum, Nov. 29, while another army under general (afterwards lord) Lake won the battle of Laswari, Nov. 1, and captured Delhi. The Raja of Nagpur and Sindhia, by treaties, surrendered much 1804. territory to the English. In the next year Holkar was defeated by Lake at Furrukabad, and again near Bhartpur 1805, and made peace with the English 1806, Jan. 7.

1805, July-Oct. Lord Cornwallis again governor-general; † Oct. ; and was succeeded by

1805-1807. sir G. Barlow.

1806. Mutiny of the Sepoys at Vellore. 1807-1813. Lord Minto, governor-general.

1809. Mutiny of the European officers at Seringapatam.

1813-1823. Lord Moira (afterwards marquis of Hastings), governor-general.

1814-1815. War with the Gurkhas of Nepá!.

1817. Pindárí war.

1817-1818. Last Mahratta war. The dominions of the Peshwá were annexed and the Rájá of Nagpur was put under British guardianship, while the states of Rajputana placed themselves under British protection.

1823-1828. Lord Amherst, governor-general.

1824-1826. First Burmese war, English acquire Assam, etc. 1828-1835. Lord William Bentinck, governor-general. Financial reforms; abolition of sati (suttee) or widow-burning; suppression of the thagi (thugs) or hereditary assassins.

1833. Company's charter renewed for twenty years, but the trade was thrown open, and Europeans allowed to settle in the coun

try. A legal member added to the governor's council, and a commission appointed to revise and codify the laws. Macaulay, first legal member, and president of the commission. The only annexation of this time was that of Coorg.

1835-1836.

Short administration of sir Charles (afterwards lord) Metcalfe, memorable for giving entire freedom to the press.

Great Britain.

1837-x. Victoria (only child of the late duke of Kent). Separation of Hanover from Great Britain; duke of Cumberland, the eldest surviving son of George III., became king. 1837, Nov. 15. First (13th imperial) parliament of Victoria. 1837. Rebellion in Canada. Burning of the American steamer Caroline. The rebels finally reduced to obedience in 1839. The two provinces, upper and lower Canada, were united in 1840, and in 1847 responsible government was introduced into the colony.

1838, Aug. Meeting of working people near Birmingham. A national petition or peoples' charter was drawn up. The petitioners or chartists demanded, 1. annual parliaments; 2. universal (manhood) suffrage; 3. vote by ballot; 4. abolition of the property qualification of members of parliament; and 5. payment for their services. To these "five points" a sixth, that of equal electoral districts, was afterwards added. The petition was presented to the commons, 1839, June 14, and its rejection was followed by riots which were easily suppressed. 1838, Sept. The anti-corn law league formed at Manchester under the leadership of John Bright (b. 1811; M. P. 1843) and Richard Cobden (b. 1804; M. P. 1847; † 1865).

1839. Opium war with China ended by treaty of Nankin, 1842, Aug. 29 (p. 561).

1840, Jan. Penny postage introduced (sir Rowland Hill).

Feb. 10. The queen married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg and

Gotha.

1841, Aug. 19. Second (14th imperial) parliament of Victoria. 1841, Sept. 6-1846, June 29. Peel's second administration.

Duke of Wellington in the cabinet without office; earl Ripon, board of trade, succeeded in 1843 by W. E. Gladstone (b. 1809; M. P. 1832).

1842. Second sliding scale adopted; and the duties on over 700 articles either removed or reduced, the deficiency so created being made up by an income tax (June 22).

1844.

Charter of the Bank of England renewed (Peel act). The issue department established, weekly returns to be published; and circulation limited to 14,000,000l.

1846. Total repeal of the corn laws.

The sliding scale abolished; the duty on wheat imported at or above 53s. per quarter to be 4s. per quarter until 1849, Feb. 1, after that time to be an uniform 1s. per quarter on all kinds of grain imported into the United Kingdom; this 1s. duty was repealed in 1869.

1846, June. Settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute with the United

States (p. 554).

1846, July 6-1852, Feb. 23. Ministry of lord John Russell; lord Palmerston, foreign secretary; Macaulay, paymaster general.

1846. Failure of the potato crop in Ireland caused a famine 1846 and 1847. Population of Ireland 1841, 8,222,664. 1851, 6,633,982.

1847.

Commercial panic in England.

1847, Nov. 18. Third (15th imperial) parliament of Victoria.

This distress coupled with the excitement produced by the rev1848. olutions of 1848 (p. 492) roused rebellion in Ireland, which

was easily suppressed, and its leaders Smith O'Brien and Mit1848, April 10. chell transported; while in England the chartists held a monster meeting on Kennington common, and presented a petition to parliament.

1849, June. Repeal of the navigation laws. Encumbered estates July. act (Ireland).

1850, Sept. 30. Papal bull establishing a Roman catholic hierarchy in England.

1851, July. Ecclesiastical titles bill, imposing a fine of 100%. on all who should endeavor to carry this papal bull into effect, passed (never executed).

1851.

Telegraphic communication between France and Eng

land.

1851. Great exhibition of the industries of all nations in Hyde Park, London.

1852, Feb. 27-Dec. 18. Earl Derby's first ministry, Disraeli, chancellor of exchequer (b. 1805; "Vivian Grey" 1825; M. P. 1837; earl of Beaconsfield, 1876; † 1881).

Sept. 14. Death of the duke of Wellington.

1852, Nov. 4. Fourth (16th imperial) parliament of Victoria. 1852, Dec. 28-1855, Feb. 5. Aberdeen administration.

W. E.

Gladstone, chancellor of exchequer; lord Palmerston, home
secretary; lord John Russell, foreign secretary.
End of Caffir war in South Africa.

Oct. 30. The British fleet entered the Bosphorus.

1853-1856. Crimean war (p. 499).

1854, June 5. Reciprocity treaty with the United States concluded (p. 555); abrogated 1866.

1855. The mismanagement with regard to the supply of food and clothing for the army in the Crimea and the feeble prosecution of the war rendered the administration unpopular, and 1855, Jan. 30. lord Aberdeen resigned.

1855, Feb. 5-1858, Feb. 22. Palmerston premier. Gladstone, chancellor of the exchequer, res. Feb. 22.

Feb. 19. Bread riots at Liverpool.

1856. Treaty of Paris ended the Crimean war (p. 501). War Mar. 30. with China. Treaty of Tien-tsin, June 26, 1859. Peace of Pekin Aug. 24, 1860 (p. 562).

1857, Apr. 30. Fifth (17th imperial) parliament of Victoria.

Nov. 12. Great commercial panic. Suspension of the bank charter act of 1844.

In consequence of the attempted assassination of Napoleon III. by Orsini, lord Palmerston introduced the conspiracy to murder bill. On its rejection in the commons the ministry resigned, and the

1858, Feb. 22-1859, June 11. Second Derby ministry took office; Disraeli, chancellor of the exchequer.

1858, June. Property qualification of members of parliament abolished.

July. Jews admitted to parliament.

Act for the better government of India.

Aug. 5.

The successful laying of the first Atlantic cable (ceased working Sept. 4).

Aug. 26. Treaty with the tycoon (shogun) of Japan (p. 563). 1858. The queen of England proclaimed sovereign of India. The government of the East India company ceased.

The ministry, defeated on a reform bill introduced by Disraeli, Apr. 13. dissolved parliament, but being in a minority in the 1859, May 31. Sixth (18th imperial) parliament of Victoria, resigned, and the

1859, June 13–1865, Nov. 6. Second Palmerston ministry came in. Gladstone, chancellor of the exchequer; earl Russell (formerly lord John), foreign secretary; lord Campbell, lord chancellor.

1860, Jan. 23. Commercial treaty between Great Britain and France. July-Oct. The prince of Wales visits the United States and Canada.

1861, July 27. Rupture of diplomatic relations with Mexico.

Nov. 8. Mason and Slidell taken from the British mail steamer Trent (p. 557).

Dec. 23. Death of the prince consort.

1862. Second Exhibition of the industry of all nations opened in May 1. London.

1863. The Maori (native) war in New Zealand, ended in 1869.

1864. The Schleswig-Holstein question (p. 505).

June. Final cession of the Ionian Islands to Greece (p. 483).

July. The Thames embankment begun.

1865, June. Commencement of the Cattle Plague.

Oct. Insurrection in Jamaica.

Oct. 18. Death of lord Palmerston.

1865, Nov. 6-1866, June 26. Earl Russell premier.

1866, Feb. 1. Seventh (19th imperial) parliament of Victoria.

Feb. Habeas corpus act suspended in Ireland.

May. Failure of Overend, Gurney and Co. (liabilities over 19,000,0001.). Panic in London.

July Telegraphic communication with America finally established. 1866, July 6-1868, Feb. 27. Third Derby ministry. Disraeli,

chancellor of the exchequer.

66

1867, Aug. 15. The second reform act, a leap in the dark,”which greatly extended the franchise, received the royal as

sent.

1867. The Fenians attempted the seizure of the arsenal at Chester (Feb.). Rising in Ireland, easily suppressed. Attempt to release Fenians confined in Clerkenwell prison, by exploding gunpowder under the walls.

1867. Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were combined into one Dominion of Canada, with power to take in new provinces. Each province retained its own legislature for local affairs. All British America, with the exception of Newfoundland, now belongs to this confederation.

1867. Abyssinia expedition, Magdala.

1868, Feb. 27-Dec. 3. Lord Derby resigned, and Mr. Disraeli became premier. The general elections to the new parliament were so decidedly in favor of the liberals that the ministry resigned, and

1868, Dec. 9-1874, Feb. 21. Mr. Gladstone became prime minister. 1868, Dec. 10. Eighth (20th imperial) parliament of Victoria. July 26. Disestablishment and disendowment of the Irish

church. A portion of the money so obtained given to the Roman catholic college of Maynooth, and another portion applied to educational purposes. The royal assent was at the same time given to the bankruptcy bill, and to a bill abolishing imprisonment for debt. (Debtors' prisons: Fleet, Marshalsea, etc.)

1868, Oct. 16. Opening of the Suez canal.

1870. Irish land act provided, among other things, for compensation to out-going tenants; for loans to landlords for improvements, and to tenants desirous of purchasing their holdings (Bright clauses).

At the same session a system of

1870. national education was established by law.

1871.

Purchase in the army abolished.

Treaty of Washington with the United States, by which the
Alabama claims were settled by

1872. Arbitration at Geneva and the so-called northwestern boundary dispute, decided by the emperor of Germany as arbiter (p. 560).

1872.

Vote by ballot introduced.

1873. Ashantee war. Coomassie taken by

1874. the British, commanded by general Wolseley.

1874, Feb. 21.-1880, Apr. 28. Mr. Disraeli (1876, Aug., earl of Beaconsfield), premier; sir Stafford Northcote, chancellor of the exchequer.

1874, March 5. Ninth (21st imperial) parliament of Victoria. 1875. Purchase of Suez canal shares from the khedive of Egypt. 1875, 1876. Visit of the Prince of Wales to India. The queen proclaimed empress of India. Commercial panic.

1878, July 13. Treaty of Berlin. British take possession of Cyprus July 14 (p. 524).

1879.

Irish land league, supported by Parnell, Dillon, etc. 1879, 1880, famine in Ireland.

1879. War with the Zulus ("Jingoism").