Macon's No. 2, and a proclamation declared the non-importation act revived as to Great Britain after Feb. 2, 1811.

1811, May 16. Engagement between the American frigate President and the British ship Little Belt.

1812. Louisiana admitted (18th state).

1812, Apr. 4. Embargo for ninety days. War declared against Great Britain. The orders in council of Jan. and Apr. 1807, revoked (June 23).

1812-1814. War with Great Britain. Events of 1812. Unsuccessful invasion of Canada, surrender of Detroit (Aug. 16), defeat at Queenstown (Oct. 13). On the water, however, the American ship Essex (Porter) captured the Alert; the Constitution (Hull), the Guerrière; the Wasp, the Frolic (both taken by the Poictiers, a British 74) ; the United States (Decatur), the Macedonian ; and the Constitution (Bainbridge), the Java. In 1813 the Americans were defeated at Frenchtown (Jan.); gained the battle of Lake Erie (Perry); but were driven from their posts on the Niagara. The English blockaded the Atlantic seaboard, and June 1 the British frigate Shannon captured the Chesapeake; the Pelican, the Argus ; but on the other hand the American ship Hornet took the Peacock; the Enterprise, the Boxer. In 1814 there was another attempt to invade Canada; the Americans captured Fort Erie and won the battles of Chippewa (July 5) and Lundy's Lane (July 15), but these victories led to nothing. Battle of Lake Champlain won by McDonough (Sept. 11). Aug. 24, the British under Ross defeated the Americans at Bladensburgh; entered Washington the next day and burnt all the public buildings; but were repulsed in an attempt on Baltimore (Sept. 13); and with great loss at New Orleans (Dec., Jackson). At sea the American ship Essex (Porter), after a successful cruise in the Pacific, was captured by the Phœbe and Cherub; the Peacock captured the Epervier; the Wasp, the Reindeer and Avon. In 1815 the Constitution captured the Cyane and Levant; and the Hornet, the Penguin; while the President surrendered to a British squadron. Peace, however, had been made at Ghent, December 24, 1814, by a treaty by which none of the questions which led to the war were settled, but which provided for commissions to run the boundaries, as determined in previous treaties.

The eastern states had resisted the embargo, and later had taken a very lukewarm interest in the war, and had consequently been left to shift for themselves. This dissatisfaction led to the summoning of the Hartford convention, 1814, Dec. 15, which adjourned in three weeks without accomplishing anything.

1815. Squadron, under Decatur, sent to the Mediterranean, and a treaty negotiated with Algiers.

chartered for twenty Protective tariff. In

1816. The second United States bank years (charter of 1st expired in 1811). diana admitted (19th state). 1817-1825. James Monroe (Virginia), democrat, 5th ident. Era of good feeling. J. Q. Adams, secretary of state; W. H. Crawford, secretary of the treasury; and John C. Calhoun, secretary of war (res. 1817).

pres

1817. Mississippi admitted (20th state).

1817-1818. Seminole war (Jackson). Invasion of Florida, then a colony of Spain. Execution of two British subjects.

1818. Illinois admitted (21st state).

Pensions granted to the survivors of the revolutionary war, in needy circumstances.

Convention with Great Britain as to the fisheries; the country west of the "Stony [Rocky] Mountains " to be occupied by the two powers in common for ten years, etc. 1819. Treaty with Spain. She gave up all claim to west Florida, (p. 432) which had been occupied by the United States since 1810, and ceded east Florida. The United States gave up all claim to Texas, and agreed to pay an indemnity of five millions to its own citizens for claims which they had against Spain. Alabama (22d state). Financial crisis.

1819. 1820. Maine (23d state). Population of the United States 9,638,453. 1820. Missouri compromise, by which it was agreed that slavery should be prohibited in the United States west of the Mississippi, north of 36° 30′ north latitude, this being the southern border of Missouri, which was admitted as a slave state (24th state).

1821.

1823, Dec. 2. The president in his annual message enunciated the Monroe doctrine: "That the American continents, by the free and independent position which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization, by any European power; " and that the extension of the system of the Holy alliance (p. 485) to America would not be viewed "in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States."

Neither of the candidates for president receiving a majority of the electoral vote, the house of representatives chose

1825-1829. John Quincy Adams (b. 1767, † 1848) (Massachusetts), democrat, president, although Andrew Jackson had received a plurality in the electoral college; John C. Calhoun (b. 1782, † 1850), vice-president; Henry Clay (b. 1777, † 1852), secretary of state.

1825. The Erie canal was finished; the first railroad in America (at Quincy, Mass.) was completed in 1827, although steam was not used on such a road in this country until 1829.

1826. Failure of the Panama congress, and 1827 of another appointed to meet near the city of Mexico. These were attempts to put the Monroe doctrine into practice.

1829-1837. Andrew Jackson (b. 1737, † 1845), (Tennessee), democrat, 7th president; John C. Calhoun, vice-president (res. 1831); Martin Van Buren (b. 1782, † 1862), secretary of

state.

Inauguration of the spoils system; about 690 office holders removed by the president during the first year of his admin

istration, in contrast with only seventy-four removals by all former presidents. The government was now in the hands of those who, according to senator Marcy of New York, saw nothing wrong in the rule that to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy."

1829. The merchants of Boston protested against the tariff acts, and were followed by the legislatures of South Carolina, Virginia, Alabama, and North Carolina.

1830. Population 12,866,020 (5th census).

1830, Jan. 27. Speech of Daniel Webster (b. 1782, † 1852), in the senate of the United States in reply to colonel Hayne of South Carolina, who upheld extreme states-rights views.

1831. William Lloyd Garrison established in Boston a paper called the Liberator, advocating the immediate and unconditional emancipation of the negroes. This led to the organization of the abolitionists.

1831. Convention with France, mutual settlement of claims. France to pay the United States 25,000,000 francs, and to be paid 1,300,000 francs, such sums to be distributed to claimants in either country.

The tariff act of 1832, while containing a reduction of duties, retained the protective principle. A convention held in South Carolina reported

1832. A nullification ordinance (Nov. 1832), which declared that the tariff laws of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional" and are null and void, and no law, nor binding upon this state," etc. Colonel Hayne was elected governor of South Carolina, and Calhoun took the seat thus vacated in the senate. Dec. 10 president Jackson issued the nullification proclamation, in which the doctrine of states-rights was refuted and the national theory set forth; and he declared his intention of executing the laws of the United States. This was followed by the nullification message, 1833, Jan. 16. This trouble was finally ended by the compromise tariff act, introduced into the senate by Henry Clay, 1833, Feb. 12. Both sides claimed the victory.

1835-1842. War with the Seminole Indians.

1836. Arkansas (25th state).

1837. Michigan (26th state).

1837-1841. Martin Van Buren (New York), democrat, 8th president.

1837. Financial crisis: causes, removal (1833) of deposits from the United States bank to the local banks; great extension of credit, and over-issue of paper money; contraction of the volume of the currency by the (1836, July 11) specie circular, which produced a great scarcity of money.

1837. Rebellion in Canada, burning of the American steamer Caroline by the royalists. McLeod's case.

1838-1839. The gag resolutions, by which congress declared that petitions praying for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia or against the inter-state slave trade should be tabled without being debated, referred, or printed.

1810. Independent treasury established; the national funds to be kept in the treasury at Washington and in the sub-treasuries established in certain cities, subject to the order of the treasurer. 1840. Population 17,069,453 (6th census).

After an exciting contest was elected

1841-1845. William Henry Harrison (Ohio), whig, 9th president, † 1841, Apr., succeeded by John Tyler (b. 1790, † 1862) of Virginia, vice-president. Daniel Webster, secretary of state (res. 1843).

1842. The northeastern boundary dispute with Great Britain settled by the Ashburton treaty.

1842.

Dorr rebellion in Rhode Island.

1844. Experimental telegraph line between Washington and Baltimore built by professor S. F. B. Morse with money appropriated by congress.

1845. Florida (27th state).

In 1821 Mexico had separated from Spain, and in 1836 Texas declared itself independent of Mexico. Houston with eight hundred Texans defeated Santa Anna at the San Jacinto (1836, Apr. 21), and drove the Mexicans across the Rio Grande; and

1845, March. Texas was annexed to the United States. 1845-1849.

James K. Polk (Tennessee), democrat, 11th president; James Buchanan (b. 1781, † 1868), secretary of

state.

1845. Texas (28th state); 1846, Iowa (29th state).

The United States and Great Britain claimed the territory west of the Rocky Mountains from the northern boundary of Mexico, 42° north latitude, to the southern boundary of Alaska, 54° 40′ north latitude. By the

1846. Oregon treaty this tract was divided between them, the 49th parallel forming the boundary, and the southern portion, which fell to the United States, retained the name of Oregon. The annexation of Texas led to a

1846-1848. War with Mexico,

which was invaded by an army from the north commanded by Zachary Taylor (b. 1786, † 1860); battles of Palo Alto (May 8), Resaca (May 9). Surrender of Monterey (Sept. 24), Buena Vista (1847, Feb. 22 and 23). In March, 1847, another army under general Scott landed near Vera Cruz, which surrendered March 29th. He then set out for the city of Mexico, and won the battles of Cerro Gordo (April 18), Churubusco (Aug. 20), captured the fortress of Chapultepec (Sept. 12 and 13), and entered the city of Mexico (Sept. 14). On the Pacific the Americans had been equally successful, and the war was ended by

the

1848, Feb. 2. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Mexico gave up all claim to Texas, the Rio Grande to be the boundary, and ceded to the United States the provinces of New Mexico and Upper California, in all about 522,955 square miles, in consideration of fifteen millions of dollars.

1848. Wisconsin (30th state).

In 1846 the Wilmot proviso, which provided that slavery should not be permitted in whatever territory should be acquired from Mexico, was defeated; but the agitation it occasioned led to the organization of

1848. The Free soil party, the precursor of the present republican party. 1849-1853. Zachary Taylor (Louisiana), whig, 12th presi

dent, † July 9, 1850; succeeded by Millard Fillmore of New York, vice-president. John M. Clayton, secretary of state; followed by Daniel Webster 1850, July 20, † 1852; who was succeeded by Edward Everett (b. 1794, † 1865).

1850. Population 23,191,876 (7th census). The discovery of gold in California (1847) had led to the rapid population of that territory, and in 1850 it became the 31st state.

1850, Sept. Clay's compromises provided for the admission of California as a free state; for the payment to Texas of ten millions for her claim to New Mexico; for the organization of Utah and New Mexico as territories without any mention of slavery ; for the prohibition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia ; and for the rendition of slaves who had escaped to free states, this last known as the

1850, April 19. Clayton-Bulwer treaty with Great Britain settled certain questions with regard to communication between the Atlantic and Pacific; which, owing to the acquisition of California, had become of importance to the United States.

1853-1857. Franklin Pierce (New Hampshire), democrat, 14th president; William L. Marcy, secretary of state; Jefferson Davis (b. 1808), secretary of war.

1853, Dec. 30. Boundary dispute with Mexico settled by the Gadsden purchase; by which the boundary was to be the Rio Grande from its mouth to 31° 20′ north latitude; thence due west to the 111th meridian of longitude west of Greenwich; thence in a straight line to a point on the Colorado river twenty miles below the junction of the Gila; thence up the middle of the Colorado river until it intersects the boundary of California as determined by the treaty of 1848. The price was ten millions, and the arca thus acquired was 45,000 square miles.

1854. Treaty with Japan, which opened that country to commercial intercourse with the United States, negotiated by commodore Perry (p. 563).

1854. Reciprocity treaty with Great Britain secured to the Americans the right to the "fisheries;" and certain articles were to be admitted free of duty into the United States and the British provinces. This treaty was terminated in 1866 by the United States. 1854. Kansas-Nebraska bill passed. It provided for the organ

ization of two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and left the question of slavery to those who should there settle (squatter sovereignty), thus repealing in part the Missouri compromise. A