AGNE

Agnes, St., Catacombs of; Rome; 1 ml. beyond the Porta Pia, and ml. beyond the ch. of St. Agnes. Stairway supposed to be of the time of Constantine. The galleries are hollowed into loculi of various sizes. Farther on will be observed a se dia, or seat of the priest, cut in the rock; an altar, a credence table, and many paintings. Few of the sarcophagi now contain remains. Agnes, St., Fuori le Mura, ch., Rome; 1 ml. beyond the Porta Pia. One of the least changed of the ancient churches of Rome. Founded, 324, on the spot where the remains of St. Agnes were discovered. Recently restored, and now one of the most beautiful churches of the city. The festival of St. Agnes takes place on Jan. 21st, in which occurs the ceremony of blessing two lambs, placed upon the altar and decorated with flowers.

Agonalis (ag-o-nay'-lis), Circus, Rome; the modern Piazza Navona, which still shows the elliptical outline; built by Alex. Severus. See Navona.

*

Agostino, S. (ag-os-tee'-no); ch., Rome, 1483, restored 1740, contains a * fresco, Isaiah and 2 angels, by Raphael, on the 3d pilaster on the 1. of the nave. R. transept is St. Augustin by Guercino; near the entrance is a group of the Virgin and Child, by Sansovino. The Madonna over the high altar is a Greek work from Constantinople. This was the first Roman ch. with a dome. Agrippa, M. V., B.C. 63-12, Roman Consul. Commanded the fleet at Actium; built the Pantheon, B. C. 27; married Julia, dau. of Augustus, by whom he had 2 daughters, Julia and Agrip. pina, and 3 sons. BATHS OF, see Pantheon.

Agrippina (ag-re-pí-nah); (I.), dau. of Agrippa and Julia, gd. dau. of Augustus, wife of Germanicus, mother of Caligula and Agrippina II.; starved by Tiberius. AGRIPPINA (II.), mother of Nero; married Emp. Claudius, whom she poisoned to make way for her son, A. D. 54. Assassinated by Nero in 59.

Aix-les-Bains (akes'-lay-ban; warm springs), Fr. ; the Roman Aquæ Allobrogum, or Aquæ Gratinæ; pop. 4,000. Triumphal arch erected by L. Pom. Campanus in 3d or 4th cent. T'emple of Diana in the Presbytery garden. See Route 40, Note 3. Aix-la-Chapelle (akes'-la-sha-pel'). See Aachen.

Ajax, Greek. In the Trojan war, second only to Achilles ; conquered by Ulysses.

STATUES: Naples, 246.

Alban Hills, Ital., about 18 mls. s. e. of Rome, site of Alba Longa; on the summit was the temple of Jupiter Latiaris.

Albani, Francisco (al-bah'-nee), or ALBANO; 1578-1660, Bologna. Friend of Guido. Studied in the Sch. of the Carracci; assisted An. Carracci to decorate the Farnese Palace. He after. ward decorated the Verospi Palace, now Torlonia, and painted in Turin and Bologna. Subjects are landscapes and figures, both religious and mythological. The latter was especially adapted to his talent, which had more of beauty and grace than power. He delighted in painting children, disposing them in groups about the príncipal figures. His religious pictures are numerous. His especial favorite was an Arcadian landscape with gods, goddesses, and amori in repose; his skies are usually a deep blue.

His works are to be found in all the principal galleries.

PRINCIPAL WORKS: Bolog., Nos. 1, 82; Borgh., 11-14, The Seasons: Brera, 323, 459; Cap., 9, 142; Dresd., 494-5-6-7, 500-2; Hermit., 203-4; Louvre, 1, 2, 11, 12; Munich, 1235; Turin, 260-4, 271-4; Uff., 1044, 1094.

Albani Villa (al-bah'-nee), Rome. Tu. by permit from Palace Torlonia, Piazza Venezia, No. 135. The Albani family having displeased Napoleon I., he caused 294 of the finest statues of their collection to be carried to Paris, which, though restored to the family by the treaty of 1815, were never brought back. This collection, now scattered, was the basis of Winckelmann's studies. The present collection embraces a limited number of fine works.

Albano (al-bah'no), Ital.; on the Alban Hills, 18 mls. from Rome, on the Via Appia; modern town built on the ruins of the villa of Pompey.

Albert Hall of the Arts and Sciences, Lond., opposite the Albert Memorial, Hyde Park. Seats for 15,000; used for grand concerts and exhibitions.

**

*Albert Memorial, in Hyde Park, Lond.; erected to the memory of Prince Albert; one of the most imposing monuments in the world. It is in the form of a Gothic canopy surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 175 ft. Under this canopy is a gilt bronze sitting stat. of the Prince Consort, 15 ft. high. The monument is supported by a base 130 ft. sq., approached on the four sides by steps.

Upon the corners of the base are four fine marble groups: **Europe, by McDowell; Asia, by Foley; Africa, by Theed; and ** America, by Bell. Above these are smaller groups: Agri culture, by Marshall; Manufactures, by Weeks; Commerce, by Thornycroft; Engineering, by Lawlor. Around the basement, above the steps, are over 200 life-size figures of renowned artists, philosophers, scholars, and authors.

Albertville, Fr., 14 mls. by rly. fom Chamouset, on the Paris-Turin Rly. Pop. 4,500. Carriage-road to Sallanches.

Alemanni (al-e-man'-ni), a confederation of German tribes from the Danube to the Main, who first met the Romans in the time of Caracalla.

Aletsch Glacier (ah-letsh' glas'-e-a), · Switz., amid the peaks of the Bernese Oberland; extending 15 mls., and being the largest ice-field of the Alps. Fine view of the glacier from the Furca and the Simplon Passes. Approached from Brieg, Interlaken, and Meiringen.

Alexandra Palace, Lond.; a popular resort for amuse ment. Muswell Hill, 6 mls. from Lond. by rly. from Moorgate Street Station.

Alfani (al-fah'-nee), Dominico di Paris, 1483-1554 ? b. Perugia, Ital. Pupil of Perugino. Little originality.

Alhambra. See p. 571.

Allori (al-lo'-ree), I. ALESSANDRO, 1535-1607, b. Florence. A painter of portraits and horses. II. ANGIOLO, called Bronzino. III. CRISTOFORO, 1577-1621, son of I. painter of portraits and landscapes. He executed a number of pictures for the Medici. His most celebrated work is the Judith, in the Pitti, No. 69. Replicas exist in the Belvedere and Uffizi. His portraits are remarkable for beauty of color, and he was equally happy in his landscapes. Some of his copies of Correggio's Magdalen for a long time passed for duplicates by the master himself. Uffizi has 16 Al. Alloris, and 9 Cr. Alloris.

The

Alps, The. The principal divisions of this extensive range of mountains are the Maritime Alps, extending from the Mediterranean Sea, near Nice, to Monte Viso against the sources of the Po; the Cottian Alps, from Monte Viso to Mt. Cenis; the Graian Alps, from Mt. Cenis to Mt. Blanc; the Pennine Alps, from Mt. Blanc to Monte Rosa; the Lepontine Alps, from Monte Rosa to Mt. Bernardin; the Rhètian Alps, from Mt. Bernardin to Mt. Croce; and the Carnic Alps, from Mt. Croce to the river Mur, constituting the Central Chain. Also a northern branch, comprising the Bernese Alps, extending from Mt. Blanc to Lake Lucerne ; the Alps of St. Gall, from Lake Lucerne to Lake Constance; and the Noric Alps, from Lake Constance eastward to Vienna.

The Alps are divided into the Low Alps, i.e., below 5,500 ft. in height; the Middle, 5,500 to 8,000 ft., and the High, above 8,000 ft., or above the snow

Principal Passes over the Central Chain are:

FRENCH.-The Cornice Road, from Nice to Genoa, along the Mediterranean. The Mont Cenis, from Modane to Susa, road built by Napoleon, 1802; alt., 6,950 ft.; little used at present, from the mountains being tunnelled for the railway. The Little St. Bernard, from Chambery to Aosta; alt., 7,240 ft.; probably the route of Hannibal, B.C. 218.

Swiss. The Great St. Bernard, from Martigny to Aosta; alt., 8,110 ft. Little used at the present time. The Simplon. from Brieg to Milan; alt., 6,594 ft.; see Route No. 35. The St. Gothard, from Lucerne to Milan; alt., 6,936 ft.; see Route No. 25. Now tunnelled for the Gothard railway. The Bernardino, from Coire to Lake Maggiore; alt., Sf. The Splügen, from Coire to Milan, vía Como; alt., 6,945 ft.; see Route No. 29.

AUSTRIAN.-The Engadine, from Innsbruck to Como; alt., 5,941 ft. The Stelvio, from Innsbruck to Como; built 1820, by Austria; alt., 9,045 ft., being the highest pass over the Central Chain traversed by a carriage-road. The Brenner, from Innsbruck to Verona, the only pass over which a railway is carried; alt., 4,485 ft.; see Route No. 58.

Passes of the Bernese Alps.

Among the more noted Bernese Passes are: The Brünig, from Lucerne to Inter. laken; fine carriage-road; alt., 3,395 ft.; see Route No. 30. The Col de Balme, from Martigny to Chamonix; mule-path; alt., 7,231 ft. The Col de Forclaz, from Martigny to Chamonix; carriage-road; alt., 5,020 ft.; see Route No. 37. The Furca, from Andermatt to Brieg, along the valleys of the Reuss and Rhone; car. riage-road, passing the **Rhone Glacier; alt., 7,992 ft. The Gemmi, from Thu to Leuk; bridle-path; alt., 7,553 ft.; fine view of the Rhone Valley. The Grim. sel, from Meiringen to the Furca, passing the **Falls of Handeck; bridle-path; alt., 7,103 ft.

Ambro'-gio, St. (-zhee-o), ch. Milan; founded in the 4th cent. on the ruins of a temple of Bacchus. Present structure dates from the 12th cent. Chiefly noted as being the place of the coronation of the Lombard kings and German emperors. After the time of Fred. Barbarossa (1180), the crown was kept at Monza, where it now remains, it having been used at the coronation of 34 kings, Emp. Ch. V., and Napoleon I.

Amiens (ahm-i-an), Fr.; pop. 67,000; ancient capital of Picardy. **The Cathedral, 1220, is one of the finest in Europe; spire 422 ft.; towers unfinished; three rose windows nearly The 116 carved wood stalls are unsurpassed by The head of John Baptist is claimed among the

100 ft. in circ.

any known.

relics. In this cathedral Edward III. paid homage to Philippe of Valois, 1329; Chaş. VI. married Isabeau, 1385; and the treaty of Ed. VI. of Eng. and Henry III. of Fr. was signed, 1550.

Amiens was the birthplace of Peter the Hermit, whose statue stands in front of the cathedral. The city was captured by the Spaniards, 1597; retaken by Henry IV., 1598; taken by the Germans, 1870. Gambetta here descended in the balloon by which he escaped from Paris, Oct., 1870.

Am-phi'-on, myth, son of Jupiter and Antiope; married Niobe. See Farnese Toro.

Amphitheatrum Castrense (am'-fe-the-á-trum), Rome. Upon the s. side of St. Croce in Gerusalemme, incorporated into the city wall, are 16 brick arches of this theatre. It is supposed to have been built in the time of Tiberius, for the amusement of the Prætorian Guard.

Am-phi-tri'-te, myth, wife of Neptune, mother of Triton. Am'-pho-ra, a vessel with a long, narrow neck, and handles on either side; pointed at the base, that it might be thrust into the ground to stand. Used for wine, oil, and other liquids.

Amsterdam, Hol. Lat. 52° 22'; Lon. 4° 23′ E.; on 90 islands connected by 250 bridges; pop. 322,000. The dam across the Amstel, whence its name, was built about 1205. The prosperity

of the city dates, however, from the misfortunes and decay of Antwerp under Spanish tyranny and the Inquisition.

THE DAM is the centre of business, around which are the Palace, the Exchange, and the New Church. In the centre rises the Fountain Monument, erected 1856, in honor of the Dutch soldiers who fell in the war of 1830.

Principal Places of Interest: the Palace, **Rijks Museum, Museum van der Hoop, the Fodor Museum, and the Zoological Garden.

THE PALACE, formerly the Stadthuis, 1648. was constructed ipon nearly 14,000 piles, and is the finest building in the city, having numerous apartments finished in white marble. It has many battle-flags and a few pictures. It is the residence of the king when in the city.

THE CHURCHES, despoiled of their decorations in the Refor mation, now possess little interest. Gentlemen, during service, sit with hats on or off, at pleasure.

ART GALLERIES. **Rijks (Royal) Museum. Amsterdam, Rijks.

See Part IL,