professed vindication of the Republican party, which was felt to be necessary with a THOMAS JEFFERSON.* Another distinctively Federalist arraignment of Jefferson was in William Sullivan's Familiar Letters on the Public Characters of the Revolution, 1783–1815 (Boston, 1834; 2d ed., 1834, with App. omitted), whose title was changed in the new edition to Public burgh Review, vol. lxvi. Cf. Brougham's States- and Macaulay's opinion in the Appendix of * After the engraving by Neagle, following Otis's picture, as given in Delaplaine's Repository. Cf. T. P. H. 1 Men of the Revolution 1 (Philad., 1847; cf. particularly on Jefferson's character and writings, p. 178). 1 Theodore Dwight published at Boston, in 1839, his Character of Thomas Jefferson, as exhibited in his own writings. It was mainly given to setting forth the proofs, as he thought he found them in Jefferson's own words, of the allegations against Jefferson, which were the grounds of the Federal opposition to him; and as summing up his opponents' allegations, the book is worth looking at. Dwight points out Jefferson's opposition to The Constitution and disregard for it when it stood in his way; his dangerous attachment to Revolutionary France; his misuse of patronage; his hate of an independent judiciary; his vagaries as regard the co-ordinate powers of government; his belief that obligations by act of legislature could not be transmitted to successors; his secret enmity to Washington; his visionary schemes; his charging the Federalists with a monarchical aim, 1 This edition has a biography of the author, by his son, J. T. S. Sullivan. Cf. Loring's Hundred Boston Orators, p. 313. 2 On the question of the legislative power of one generation to bind another in contracts, Randall gives the correspondence of Jefferson and Madison, in his Life of Jefferson, iii. 589. 3 Jefferson's biographers all deny this, and his letter on Washington's character seems to place him in the category of his discriminating * After a print in the European Mag. (1802), vol. xli., as "painted by Stuart in America." This differs from the ordinary full-face Stuart likeness as given in Gillet's Democracy; the Statesman's Manual (engraved by Balch); Irving's Washington (vol. v.); as engraved by Buttre in Jefferson's Writings (1853), and in Randall's Jefferson. See notice of likenesses of Jefferson in the present History, Vol. VI. p. 258. The portrait there given is also in Randall's Life, and in S. N. Randolph's Domestic Life of Jefferson. VOL. VII. - 20 simply to create a party cry;1 his opposing the Alien and Sedition laws, simply to pro pitiate foreigners; and his habits of defamation and intrigue. The main authoritative edition of Jefferson's works came after the government had bought his papers, when they were printed as The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, being his Autobiography, Correspondence, Reports, messages, addresses, and other writings, official and private, published by order of Congress, from the original manuscripts, Ed. by H. A. Washington (Washington, 1853-1854; and Philad., 1864; N. Y., 1884: in nine vol umes). The notes, which are scant, are explanatory and historical, and there is an index in each volume, and a general one for all.2 A more elaborate record and declaration was yet to come. All that Tucker had had, and much more, was given to Henry S. Randall when the family of Jefferson recognized him as their authoritative spokesman. His Life of Thomas Jefferson was published in three large volumes at New York in 1858, and again at Philadelphia in 1863. To some, as to Schouler, it is "admirable"; to those who sympathize less with the spirit of the author it is not free from partiality and too constant palliation. While the student must recognize its valuable contributions to the elucidation of the character of an interesting and conspicuous historical person, he can hardly but find the picture, through iteration, taking too much space, and does not gain a high opinion of the writer's judicial quality by finding him almost always on the defensive as regards his subject, and equally aggressive towards other characters, though sometimes with caution; as, for instance, respecting Washington and Marshall, in his delineation of Jefferson's opponents.5 The book gave a more extensive view of Jefferson in his private life than any of its predecessors.6 admirers. Cf. Randall, iii. 641. The famous Mazzei letter is mainly depended upon to prove the hostility of Jefferson to Washington. Cf. Randall, ii. 361; iii. 608; Hildreth, iv. 617; v. 53; Schouler, i. 360; Sullivan's Public Men, 171. Jefferson's letter to Van Buren, June 29, 1825, denying that he referred to Washington, is in his Works, vii. 362. Cf. Tompkins's Bibl. Jeff., p. 157. 1 Cf., on the two sides for this charge, Randall (i. 560-573) and J. C. Hamilton; also Hildreth, iv. 331; Wells's Sam. Adams, iii. 314; Sullivan's Public Men, 196. 2 The volumes are thus divided: i., autobiography; letters, 1773-1783; and letters in Europe, 1784-1790; and these last are continued through ii. and part of iii., till the letters, 17901826, begin, which are extended into vol. vii., and that volume is completed with his papers as Secretary of State. Vol. viii. has his inaugural addresses and messages, his replies to addresses, his Indian addresses, his notes on Virginia, and a few sketches of distinguished men. Vol. ix. holds the parliamentary manual, the Anas, and some miscellaneous papers. It is said that the plates of the work have been destroyed. (Cf. C. K. Adams's Manual, p. 591.) 8 He claims that one third of his material came from Jefferson's approving and surviving descendants, and we find in his pages an occasional addition "by a member of Mr. Jefferson's family." 4 C. K. Adams's Manual, p. 584. 5 Cf. reviews by A. P. Peabody in No. Amer. Rev., October, 1858, vol. ci.; and by William Dorsheimer in Atlantic Monthly, ii., October, 1858. 6 The special monograph on the family life of Jefferson is The domestic life of Thomas Jefferson, compiled from family letters and reminiscences by his great-granddaughter, Sarah N. Randolph (N. Y., 1872), which embodies much that is scattered through Randall's book, and embraces some part of his family and private papers, which had been surrendered not long before by the United States government. There is an essay on Jefferson's private character, by Thomas Bulfinch, in the North Amer. Rev., July, 1860, which was replied to by E. O. Dunning in the New Englander, 1861 (xix. 648). In 1862, H. W. Pierson published The private life of Thomas Jefferson, in which all that is new was obtained from the reminiscences and papers of an old overseer at Monticello. On this estate and its associations, see Hist. Mag., Dec., 1861, p. 367; Lossing in Harper's Mag., vii. 145; G. W. Bagby in Lippincott's Mag., iv. 205; J. G. Nicolay in The Century, xxxiv. 643. Accounts of a visit of Daniel Webster and Geo. Ticknor to Monticello in 1824 are in Webster's Private Corresp., i.; G. T. Curtis's Webster, i. 223, 226, and App.; Memoirs of Ticknor, i. 35, 348. A sketch of his daughter, Mrs. Randolph, and her relations to Jefferson, is in the Worthy Women of our first Century. What is called Jefferson's Financial Diary, Jan., 1791, to Dec., 1803, or a view of his daily life from the side of its expenses, is given by John Bigelow in Harper's Mag., March, 1885, p. 534, from a MS. in S. J Tilden's library. The latest of the lives of Jefferson are those by James Parton and John T. Morse, Jr. Parton sifted his material through the Atlantic Monthly (vols. xxix. and xxx.), and intended to make a small book for "the mass of readers." The growth of the subject under his hand ended in a stout octavo of compact type. Parton cannot commend the Jeffersonian ideas without expressing aversion to those opposed, and Adams and Hamilton were to him ideas incarnate, deserving of such aversion. His Life of Thomas Jefferson (Boston, 1874, and later) is lively, easy reading, and generally unconvincing to the impartial student. John T. Morse's Thomas Jefferson (Boston, 1883) is by an admirer of Hamilton, but more to be trusted. It is an excellent and engaging book, and written with an earnest purpose to be even-handed. At the time of the coincident deaths of Jefferson and Adams in 1826,1 there was a large number of joint eulogies of the two. The occasion softened asperities, and most of them need to be read in cognizance of that fact.2 4 Alexander Hamilton has found champions in his two sons. James A. Hamilton, in his Reminiscences (N. Y., 1869), has, in the earlier part, defended him against what he calls the misrepresentations of Van Buren; and John C. Hamilton began his filial service in his Life of Alexander Hamilton (N. Y., 1834, only one volume printed; and 18401841, in two volumes), using his father's papers, and driven to the task, as he says, “to check the promulgation of a hurried, imperfect narrative." 5 It stopped with the adop tion of the Constitution. A few years later, J. C. Hamilton edited for the government the Hamilton papers, as noted a little further on; and using these, as well as the Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe papers, he produced in New York and Philadelphia, in 1857-61, what he called "a combined biography and history," under the title of History of the Republic of the United States, as traced in the writings of Alexander Hamilton and in those of his contemporaries, in seven volumes. This work was sharply attacked for its criticisms of Jefferson, the Adamses, Madison, and Joseph Reed, and gave much offence by his inordinate claims for Hamilton's having been the author of a large number of Washington's letters, which he wrote as secretary. He says that he found over a thousand of such letters in Hamilton's handwriting. In the preface to his second volume he attempted a defence of his claims for them to have been Hamilton's proper work. The book is, nevertheless, 7 1 Schouler, iii. 387; Madison's Letters, iii. 525; Cyclopædia; and references in Poole, Allibone, Benton's Thirty Years, i. ch. 31. and Duyckinck. 2 Cf. Eulogies pronounced in the several States (Hartford, 1826); and reference may be particularly made to those of William Wirt, Daniel Webster, and Edward Everett. Cf. Tompkins's Bibl. Jeffersoniana. There are some other characteristic delineations of Jefferson's nature: by J. Q. Adams in Old and New, Feb., 1873; by C. F. Adams in John Adams's Works, i. 616; in Hildreth's United States, vi. 141; in Theodore Parker's Historic Americans; A. H. Everett's Defence of the character and principles of Fefferson (Boston, 1836); Samuel Fowler's "Political Opinions of Jefferson," in the No. Amer. Rev., Oct., 1865; "Adams and Jefferson as founders of parties," in the National Quart. Rev., March, 1875; his "Opinions on Slavery," by A. D. White in the Atlantic Monthly, ix. 29 (see Randolph, iii. App.); C. de Witt's Étude, 1862, from the Revue des Deux Mondes (July, 1859), and a version in English by R. S. H. Church, 1862; Ste. Beuve's Premiers Lundis, vol. ii.; Taine's Nouveaux Essais; J. E. Cooke in New Amer. There is a good exemplification of the Feder- 8 The fullest bibliography is the Bibliotheca 4 He also defends him in Martin Van Buren's Calumnies repudiated (N. Y., 1870). 5 The author says that nearly all the copies were burned in the binder's hands. 6 There was a third edition in 1868; and in 1879 it was reissued at Boston as The Life of Alexander Hamilton, a History, etc. 7 Rives's Madison is a frequent object of his attack, and Rives (i. 437), in turn, points out the other's prejudices and perversions. Von Holst (Eng. transl., i. 172) charges J. C. H. with suppressions. 8 Parton (Jefferson) calls the book " a lumbering pamphlet in seven volumes octavo, designed ་ the essential storehouse for the student of Hamilton. He can, if steady of head, make allowances for the over-partial zeal, and can avoid the snares of the writer's perversions, and desert him in his not altogether guileless meanderings.1 The earliest gathering of Hamilton's writings is John Wells's edition of the Works; comprising his most important official reports; an improved edition of The federalist, and Pacificus, on the proclamation of neutrality (N. Y., 1810; some copies, 1816: in three volumes). Only one volume was published of Francis L. Hawks's Official and other papers of Hamilton (N. Y., 1842), and they are wholly of the Revolutionary period. The first extensive collection was that under the title, Works, comprising his correspondence, and his political and official writings, exclusive of The federalist, civil and military. Published from the original manuscripts deposited in the Department of state, by order of the joint library committee of congress. Edited by John C. Hamilton (N. Y., 1850-1851, in seven volumes). The latest edition is that edited by Henry Cabot Lodge, Works (N. Y., 1885, etc., 500 copies, in 8 volumes).8 The bitter and unblushing character of the political antagonisms of the day are no better exemplified than in the charge against Hamilton of speculating in government securi to show that George Washington was Punch, and Alexander Hamilton the man behind the green curtain, pulling the wires and making him talk." Cf. Randall's Jefferson (ii. 208) on similar use made by Washington of Jefferson. 1 The lesser lives may need a few words of characterization. James Renwick's is a popular recital in Harper's Family Library (1840 and later). S. M. Smucker's Life and Times of Hamilton (Boston, 1857) is too compressed for the student. Christopher James Rietmüller's Life and Times of H. (London, 1864) is a foreigner's view, not wholly intelligent, of Hamilton's influence in shaping the destinies of the republic. J. Williams's Life of H. (N. Y., 1865) served as an introduction to the Hamilton Club series. Ford, Bibl. Ham., no. 108, thinks a Boston book, 1804, which this life pretends to follow, does not exist. Ford (p. 99) also says that Francis S. Hoffman assumed the name of the Hamilton Club to print old attacks on Hamilton. The Life by John T. Morse, Jr. (Boston, 1876; and later eds. in two vols.), is the best substitute for the voluminous work of the son. He confesses admiration of his subject, but expresses his temperate purpose, when he fears, in the preface, that he has neither pleased the ardent admirer nor the strenuous enemy. The Alexander Hamilton of Henry Cabot Lodge, in the "American Statesmen Series " (Boston, 1882, and later eds.), is probably the most read of all the lives. Lodge had shown his study of the subject in a paper in the No. Amer. Rev., cxxiii. 113. Cf. his Studies in History, p. 132. The abundant testimonies and criticisms can be gathered from Allibone (i. 773) and Poole's Index (p. 567). For warm French admiration, see Laboulaye's États-Unis, iii. ch. 9; and Schouler's estimate (particularly ii. 63) is not an unfair, as it is a varied one in praise and dispraise. At the time of his death there were eulogies from some of the most distinguished of his countrymen in the Federalist party, whose encomiums may be taken as expressions of contemporary admiration, which it is of interest to consider, if the soberer judgment of posterity may more or less qualify it, — such as came from Harrison Gray Otis, Gouverneur Morris, and Fisher Ames. Otis's was printed at Boston in 1804; Morris's is in F. Moore's American Eloquence; Ames's was reprinted (Boston, 1804) from the Boston Repertory. (Cf. Ames's Works, ii. 256.) There are some reminiscences in G. W. P. Custis's Recollections. William Coleman published a Collection of facts and documents relative to the death of General Hamilton (N. Y., 1804), a volume which includes orations, sermons, and eulogies. The fatal duel with Burr, beside making part of the Lives of both Hamilton and Burr, was of such political significance that all the general histories rehearse the facts. Cf. also Sullivan's Public Men, p. 260; Autobiog. of Chas. Biddle, 302, 402; Mag. of Amer. History, March, 1884; Sabine's Notes on Duelling; B. C. Truman's Field of Honor (N. Y., 1884), etc.; and the titles in Ford's Bibl. Hamil., pp. 69, etc. 2 Ford, no. 124. 8 It differs from the edition of 1851 in discarding letters addressed to Hamilton, others "valueless for history," and the Washington letters included in J. C. Hamilton's edition, because drafts were found in Alexander Hamilton's handwriting; and in admitting the Federalist, the Reynolds pamphlet, and letters printed since 1851, and others unpublished in the State Department collection; also the first volume of the Continentalist (incomplete in the 1851 ed.), the speeches in the Federal Convention of 1787 as reported by Madison and Tate, and address to the electors in 1789. The papers are grouped by subjects, and chronological under subjects. There are in the Sparks MSS. (xlix. 23) a series of Hamil ton's letters, 1787-1795. Sparks has indorsed on |