1 A few leading references to Monroe's administration: Hildreth, vi.; Tucker; Schouler, ii.; Gay, iv. 238; Samuel Perkins's Hist. Sketches of the U. S., 1815–1830 (N. Y., 1830); Fowler's Sect. Controversies, ch. 7; Houghton's Amer. Politics, ch. 9; Stanwood's Presidential Elections; Joshua Leavitt in Harper's Mag., xxix. 461. S. G. Goodrich (Recollections, ii. 401) gives a picture of Monroe at the close of his administration. Curtis's Buchanan (i. ch. 2) affords some recollections of Randolph and others at this time. On Randolph's death, see Benton's Thirty Years, i. ch. 48; Madison's Letters, iv. 188.

In New York the "Albany regency" began their ascendancy (Lalor, i. 45). The Whig party first took shape at this time (Ormsby's Whig Party, and Thurlow Weed's Autobiography and Memoir). On the application of the phrase "Era of Good Feeling" to his administration, see Schouler, iii. 12. These feelings were helped by two adventitious circumstances a few years apart: the tour of Monroe to the Northern States in 1817, and Lafayette's visit to the country in 1824–25.

Of the President's journey we have record in A Narrative of a Tour of Observation (Philad., 1818); and in S. P. Waldo's Tour of James Monroe (Hartford, 1818; new ed. with tour of 1818, Hartford, 1819).

Of Lafayette's visit we have a book by his secretary, A. Levasseur, Lafayette en Amérique en 1824 et 1825 (Paris, 1829), and an anonymous Voyage du Général Lafayette aux États-Unis d'Amérique (Paris, 1826), known to be written by C. O. Barbaroux and J. A. Lardier. John Foster, of Portland, Me., issued A Sketch of the tour of Gen. Lafayette (Portland, 1824), and there are records of the tour in Niles's Register. James Schouler has described the tour in the Mag. Amer. History, Sept., 1883 (x. 243).

* From the National Portrait Gallery (1839), engraved by A. B. Durand, after a painting by Vanderlyn, which is in the N. Y. City Hall. It is also engraved by H. B. Hall in Irving's Washington, vol. v. The Stuart likeness, owned by T. Jefferson Coolidge of Boston, is engraved in Higginson's Larger History (p. 385). Likenesses after Stuart are also in the Statesman's Manual, engraved by Balch, and in Bartlett and Woodward's United States, vol. iii. On a portrait by Morse, see Charleston Year-Book, 1883, p. 162.

There is a compiled account by Mrs. Martha J. Lamb, illustrated with reproductions of pictures from J. Milbert's Picturesque Sketches in America (Paris, 1826), in the Mag. Amer. Hist., Dec., 1887. His visit to Boston is made graphic in E. Quincy's Josiah Quincy (pp. 401, 423, 435, 448), and in the Figures of the Past by the younger Josiah Quincy (p. 101). Cf. Kennedy's Wirt (ii. 159, 177); Benton's Thirty Years (i. ch. 12); Bonney's Historical Legacy (i. ch. 19); Thurlow Weed's Autobiography (p. 191).

Something of the life in Washington at this time can be got from Schouler (iii. 211); Nathan Sargent's Public Men; letters of Elijah Mills in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. (xix. 14–53), and in George Watterson's Letters from Washington, 1817-18 (Washington, 1818). The House of Representatives is described in L. G. Tyler's Letters, etc. of the Tylers (i. 289).

1 See also the references as connected with the public finances in C. K. Adams's Manual of Hist. Lit., p. 621; and the lives and speeches of leading Congressional contestants like Randolph, Webster and Clay. The texts of the tariffs of 1816 and 1824 are in the Annals of Congress, etc.; and the debates of Congress in Benton's Debates, vols. vi. vii.

2 Cf. arguments against the constitutional right of Congress to aid internal improvements, in Madison's Report of 1800, and his veto message of 1817, and Monroe's message of May 4, 1820. The arguments in favor are in Clay's speech of March 13, 1818; and Webster's Works (index). Cf. Story's Constitution (ii. 692); Sumner's Jackson (ch. 9); Lalor (i. 711, "Cumberland road," and ii. 568); Von Holst, i. 389–395; Statesman's Manual, i. 191, 332, 402, 491, 515; Niles's Register, xxvii. 270; xxviii. 255; Benton's Debates, vi. 67, 120. There is a map of the Cumberland Road in John Melish's Geog. Description of the U. S. (Philad., 1822), p. 113.

8 See ante, p. 325.

4 The Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (vols. iv.-vi.), with the lives by Quincy (ch. 5) and Morse (ch. 2); Von Holst's Calhoun (ch. 3); and such accounts as we can find of William H. Crawford. Cf. Jos. B. Cobb's Leisure Labors (N. Y., 1858). "Hardly any public man of his time has so completely disappeared from general recollection" (Johnston in Lalor, i. 694). For estimates of Crawford, see Benton's Thirty Years, ii. ch. 125; Parton's Jackson, ii.; S. F. Miller's Bench and Bar of Georgia (Philad., 1858), vol. i. p. 218; and Morse's J. Q. Adams, 155.

* After a print in the Analectic Magazine (1820). Cf. W. Birch's Country Seats of the United States (Springland, Penna., 1808).

1 Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, comprising portions of his diary from 1795 to 1848, ed. by C. F. Adams (Philad., 1874, etc.). The typography of this book is unfortunately such that it is not readily to be distinguished what is the diary and what the editor's comment. The memoir is condensed in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., vol. ii. Cf. International Review, Feb., 1881.

* After an engraving in the Analectic Magazine (1820), where the occupants of the several seats are designated by a Key.

+ Reproduced from the Reise des Herzogs Bernhard zu Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach durch Nord Amerika, 1825-26, herausgegeben von Heinrich Luden (Weimar, 1828). Cf. view in Amer. Mag., i. 519, and numer ous other engravings.

the President as a chief unofficial source, and to the three lesser lives by Josiah Quincy, William

public men of Adams's time illustrate in their lives the political views and conflicts of his ad

H. Seward, and John T. Morse. The leading ministration,-like those of his Secretary of

1 Seward's was first published in 1849, the next year after Adams's death, as the Life and Public Services of J. Q. A., with an Eulogy delivered before the legislature of N. Y. (Auburn, 1849). Josiah Quincy's Life of J. Q. A. (Boston, 1858),—a -a book written with the aid of family papers. (Cf. Parton's opinion, in his Jackson, i. p. xix.) Morse's contribution to the Statesmen Series, John Quincy Adams (Boston, 1882), has the great advantage of the prior publication of the Adams Memoirs, and gives the best picture of the man in a moderate compass. The inquirer must be referred to the entries in the Catal. of the Boston Athenæum (i. 15), in Poole's Index, pp. 5, 6, and in Poore's Descriptive Catal., for the beginnings of a bibliography of Adams's career; but to select a few entries, see Benton's Thirty Years (i. ch. 21; ii. ch. 172); Curtis's Buchanan, i. ch. 13; Edw. Everett's Speeches (ii. 555); Wm. Everett in the Atlantic Monthly, Aug., 1875; Schouler, iii. 399; and for a very depreciatory view Hugh Hastings' "Pricking an historical bubble," in the Mag. Am. Hist., July, 1882.

The choice of Adams for the presidency by the House of Representatives was a marked stage in our constitutional government. Cf. Stanwood's Presidential Elections; the Counting the electoral votes, 1789-1876 (Washington, 1876); Lalor, i. 808; Morse's J. Q. A., 149; Parton's Jackson, iii. 49; Sumner's Jackson (ch. 4); L. G. Tyler's Tylers, i. 358; Lodge's Webster, 137; and on Clay as the arbiter, Schurz's Clay (ch. 10). Clay published an Address to the Public, defending himself against charges of bargain in securing the election of Adams; and Colton enlarges on the matter. Cf. also F. P. Blair's General Jackson and James Buchanan (Washington, 1856); Curtis's Buchanan (i. ch. 3; also p. 506); and the letter of Albert H. Tracy in Thurlow Weed's Autobiography, p. 173.

* Reproduced from the Reise des Herzogs Bernhard zu Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (Weimar, 1828). KEY: A, House of Representatives, 96 feet radius; B, Senate Chamber, 75 feet radius; C, Central Rotunda, 96 feet in diameter; D, Library, 92×34 feet; E, Eastern portico; F, Western portico; G, open areas. The eastern front is 350 feet long.

1 Cf. Schurz, i. ch. 11; Von Holst, ch. 4; Kennedy. What an erratic opponent could do is seen in Adams's Randolph, 284, and in Garland (ii. ch. 29). The lurking antipathy of Jackson, who was not satisfied with the way in which Clay had worsted him, is shown by Parton (ch. 19) and Sumner (ch. 5). Cf. also Curtis's Webster (i. 237); Sullivan's Pub. Men, 145; Ormsby's Whig Party; Von Holst's History (ii. ch. 10, 11); Schouler (iii. 336); Gay (iv. 280); Houghton's Amer. Politics (ch. 10); Fowler's Sectional Controversy (ch. 8). In passing from Monroe, we unfortunately get beyond the range of Hildreth. For the influence of New York upon national politics at this time, see Roberts's New York (ii. ch. 33). The Anti-Masonic movement was dividing the Democrats (Lalor, i. 101; Hammond's Polit. Hist. of N. Y.; Schurz's Clay, i. 340; W. H. Seward's Autobiog., pp. 69, 147, 231; Curtis's Webster, i. 391; Sumner's Jackson, 250; Hammond's Polit. Parties, ii. 369; Thurlow Weed's Autobiography, ch. 20-28). The literature of this episode of Freemasonry is considerable. Cf. H. Gassett, Catal. of [adverse] books on the masonic institution (Boston, 1852); titles in Boston Athenæum Catal., p. 1075; and references in Poole's Index, under "Antimasonry” (p. 46), and "Freemasonry" (p. 487).

2 Cf. also Quincy's Figures of the Past, 254; Ben. Perley Poore's Reminiscences of Washington in the Atlantic Monthly, Jan., 1880.

8 Cf. titles in Sabin, ix. pp. 172–177. Beside Niles's Register for the period, there is much documentary evidence in the Annual Register, 1825-33, and, of course, in Poore's Descriptive Catalogue, not to name other general sources. For his messages, beside these sources, we have them grouped in Messages of Generai Jackson (Concord, N. H., 1837). Current and later comment is recorded in Poole's Index, p. 674.

4 The earliest of these accounts of any moment is the Life of Andrew Jackson, commenced by John Reid; completed by John H. Eaton (Philad., 1817), which passed through several editions, and was enlarged with a

* From the National Portrait Gallery, 1839, vol. iv., after a painting by J. W. Jarvis. Cf. Gay's United States, iv. 277.