works,1 and illustrations of it in the lives of his political supporters and opponents.2. The course of party contests began with the struggle in the election between Jackson and narrative of the Seminole War in 1828. An anonymous Memoir (Boston, 1828) is based upon it. William Cobbett filched mainly from Eaton his Life of Andrew Jackson (N. Y., 1834). The beginning of a Life of Andrew Jackson, private, military, and civil (N. Y., 1843), was made by Amos Kendall, who brought it down nearly to the end of the Creek War, and not much to the satisfaction of Jackson. The papers which Jackson had entrusted to him were then put into the hands of Francis P. Blair, who did nothing with them; and they passed out of sight till they were discovered in the garret of the Globe building in Washington in 1882 (G. F. Hoar in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct., 1882, p. 130. The legal representatives of Jackson have entered a suit for their recovery). The correspondence of Jackson and Maj. Wm. B. Lewis, 1814-1845 (213 letters), was sold in N. Y., June 3, 1884. Extracts from some of his letters addressed to a ward, and illustrating his private character, are edited by Charles Gayarré in the Mag. of Amer. Hist., Feb., 1885, p. 161. One of the accounts produced after Jackson's death is John S. Jenkins's Life and public services of Andrew Jackson ; including the most important of his state papers. With the eulogy, at Washington city, June 21, 1845, by George Bancroft (Buffalo, 1851). Cf. G. Bancroft's Lit. and Hist. Miscellanies (1855), p. 444. The most extensive narrative is James Parton's Life of Andrew Jackson (Boston, 1859), in three volumes. It is very readable and not over-partial; but, like most of Parton's biographies, not wholly in good taste. Von Holst in his History (vol. ii.) writes of the "Reign of Andrew Jackson,” and Alexander Johnston (Lalor, ii. 626) points to Von Holst as a corrective of Parton, though he says that Von Holst allows the dictates of expediency to Jackson's opponents as a guide, and does not allow them to Jackson himself. Von Holst began his studies in American history in a separate examination of Jackson's administration, which is reviewed by Henry Adams. in the No. Amer. Rev. (cxx. 179). The latest biography is Wm. G. Sumner's contribution to the "Statesmen Series," his Andrew Jackson as a public man, what he was, what chances he had, and what he did with them (Boston, 1882). It is conveniently arranged for the student's apprehension of the distinct phases of the various commanding questions that elicited the energy of Jackson and the antagonism of his opponents. The lesser campaign lives not a few—are are noted in Parton's list. A few minor characterizations: Jefferson's opinions of Jackson are given in Randall's Jefferson. The accuracy of Daniel Webster's reports of Jefferson's conversations at Monticello, respecting Jackson, has been questioned (Parton's Jackson, i. 219; Randall, ii. 507). A paper with illustrations by Lossing, in Harper's Monthly (x. 145). A recent statement of the "Political influence of Andrew Jackson," by Prof. Anson D. Morse, in the Polit. Science Quarterly, June, 1886. "Two years with Old Hickory," by T. H. Clay in the Atlantic Monthly, lx. 187. The Oration of S. A. Douglas (Washington, 1853) was delivered at the inauguration of Clark Mills's equestrian statue of Jackson in Washington. 1 of the comprehensive histories, Tucker, Gay, and Bradford (Federal Government) are the only ones which cover Jackson's two terms. Schouler (vol. iii.) has as yet not gone beyond his first term. The more specially political accounts are in the Statesman's Manual; Benton's Thirty Years' View; Fowler's Sectional Controversy (ch. 9); Houghton's Amer. Politics (ch. 11); Van Buren's Polit. Parties; Ormsby's Whig Party; Stanwood's Presidential Elections. A mass of tracts, pro and con, are listed in Parton. The most popular of all the humorous burlesques was the Letters of Maj. Jack Downing (N. Y., 1834), by Seba Smith. (Cf. Allibone, 2155.) 2 Principal among the accounts of his cabinet officers are: C. H. Hunt's Life of Edw. Livingston; Samuel Tyler's Memoirs of Roger B. Taney (Balt., 1872). There is little of party politics in the Writings of Levi Woodbury (Boston, 1852), in three vols. ; but in the third volume is his "Life and character of Jackson." W. T. Young's Life and Public Services of Lewis Cass (Detroit, 1852), — a book which, in Parton's phrase, "tells nothing more voluminously than usual.” Of the so-called "Kitchen Cabinet " (see Parton, iii. 278; Lalor, ii. 677), we have the Life of Amos Kendall by Stickney, and Kendall himself gives some anecdotes of Jackson in the Democratic Rev., xi. 272. Of Duff Green we get glimpses in Hudson's Journalism, 236, 249. The little Biography of Isaac Hill of New Hampshire, with selections from his speeches and miscellaneous writings (Concord, N. H., 1835). Of James A. Hamilton, one of Jackson's advisers, and at one time acting Secretary of State, we have his Reminiscences (N. Y., 1869). Upon the disruption of Jackson's cabinet, we have Eaton's version in a Candid appeal to the Amer. Public (Washington, 1831). How it appeared to the opponents of the administration is effectively told in an Address to the people of Maryland by Joseph Kent and others (Balt., 1832). The characteristics of Congress at this time can be discovered in Benton's Thirty Years (vol. i., beginning with ch. 40, with which compare Kennedy's Wirt, ii. ch. 14); the Memoirs (vols. viii., ix.) of J. Q. Adams, during his remarkable career in the House, and Morse's J. Q. A. (ch. 3); Memoir of Hugh Lawson White, with selections from his speeches and correspondence, ed. by Nancy N. Scott (Philad., 1856); the lives of Clay by Colton and Schurz (particularly for a sharp characterization of Jackson, i. 320); G. T. Curtis's Webster (i. 337, etc.); his James Buchanan (i. ch. 6); S. G. Brown's Rufus Choate; etc. The relations of Randolph to Jackson are described in Garland (ii. ch. 38). S. G. Goodrich (Recollections, ii. 406) describes the Senate at this time. There is an occasional homely touch of ways in Congress and in Washington in W. C. Richards's Memoir of George N. Briggs (Boston, 1866). A Jacksonian of independent judgment, and editor of the N. Y. Evening Post, is figured to us in A Collection of the political writings of Wm. Leggett, with a preface by Theo. Sedgwick, Jr. (N. Y., 1840). The Recollections of the life of John Binns (Philad., 1854) is anti-Jacksonian in temper. The speeches of some members of Congress at this time, like Everett's, are not included in their published writings, and we must search for them in the records of the debates. Of the political life of Washington city we have, apart from the lives of Congressmen, a few, books, written on such opposite grounds that they offset one another. Robert Mayo's Political Sketches of eight years in Washington, 1829-1837 (Balt., 1839), is called by Parton "the tirade of a disappointed office-seeker," to be mated with his Fragments of Jacksonism (Washington, 1840). James Gordon Bennett was the Washington correspondent of the Courier and Inquirer during Jackson's term, and the Memoirs of J. G. Bennett and his Times (N. Y., 1855) throw some light. Parton refers to the New York Courier and Inquirer of 1831 as containing all the documents of the Mrs. Eaton scandal. A sufficient outline is given by Parton. L. A. Gobright's Recollections of men and things at Washington (Philad., 1869) begins with Jackson's inauguration; but it is scant on this early period. Story wrote some letters home from the capital, which are given in W. W. Story's Life of Joseph Story. There are some observations of a foreigner in Harriet Martineau's Society in America (Lond. and N. Y., 1837) and Retrospect of Western Travel (N. Y., 1838). A few transient observations are in the Journal of Frances Anne Butler (Philad., 1835), and in Michel Chevalier's Lettres sur l'Amérique du nord (Paris, 1836; ed. spéciale, 1837). For Jackson's presidential tours, see Parton (iii. 485); and on his appearance in Boston, see Quincy's Figures of the Past, 352. 1 Cf. Parton, iii. 137; a letter of Calhoun in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xix. 280; and the spectacle of the silkstocking Democrats under Theodore Lyman and others in Boston (Ibid. xix. 281). * From the National Portrait Gallery, 1839, vol. iv., following a portrait by A. B. Durand; also in The Statesman's Manual. An engraving by H. W. Smith, after the painting by Durand, is in Quincy's John Quincy Adams. One by G. P. A. Healy, in the Corcoran Gallery, is engraved in T. W. Higginson's Larger History, p. 409. A bust by Powers is represented in the Memoirs of J. Q. A., vol. iii., and a medal in Loubat, no. 54. There are numerous other engravings. 231).1 The suppression of nullification is considered elsewhere (ante, p. 322); but the war conducted by Jackson against the bank needs to be examined here.2 Jackson sounded the first alarm in his Message of Dec. 8, 1829. The history of the succeeding banks from the beginning of the government can be followed readily in Sumner's Jackson (ch. 12, 13, 14), and there is a good summary in Curtis's Webster (vol. i.); the documentary proofs are reached through Poore's Descriptive Catal., the current views through Poole's Index, the opposing parties of Congress in Benton's Debates, and in his Thirty Years' View, epitomized in Roosevelt's Benton (ch. 5). The rupture in the cabinet owing to the refusal of Duane to remove the deposits is explained by himself in his Narrative and Correspondence concerning the removal of the deposits, and occurrences connected therewith (Philadelphia, 1838).8 1 There was the rise of the Whig party as opposed to Jackson's ideas of prerogative (Curtis's Webster, i. 499; W. H. Seward's Autobiography, etc., i. 237). The seceders from the Jacksonian Democracy are followed in F. Byrdsall's Hist. of the Locofoco or equal rights party (N. Y., 1842). Cf. Sumner's Jackson, 369; Lalor, ii. 781; and i. 476 for the later Democrats. The spoils system took shape at this time. The speech of Holmes of Maine calling on the President for his reasons for removals from office (Washington, 1830) gives a list of removals from Washington to J. Q. Adams. Cf. on the revolution it now brought about, Lalor (iii. 783); Benton's Thirty Years (i. ch. 50); Roosevelt's Benton (ch. 4); Curtis's James Buchanan (i. ch. 12); Dorman B. Eaton's Spoils System and Civil Service Reform. 2 See, however, ante, p. 329, for general references on the history of finance in the U. S. 8 This tract is scarce, as he printed only 250 copies to give to friends. Cf. specially on the removal of the deposits, Benton's Thirty Years (i. ch. 92, etc.); the note in Von Holst (ii. 59); Sumner's Jackson, p. 297; Colton's Clay (ii. ch. 3, 4); Schurz's Clay (ii. ch. 15). The speeches are almost without number, as in the collected works of Clay, Webster, Calhoun, Tristam Burges, Peleg Sprague, and of course in Benton's Debates. Parton (Jackson, i. p. xxi., etc.) notes a good deal of the transient publications, and calls The War on the Bank of the U. S. (Philad., 1834) one of the strongest statements against the administration. Buchanan * From the Nat. Portrait Gallery, where it is engraved by Wellmore after a painting by Holman. The engraving in the Statesman's Manual is from a daguerreotype. He is represented in the seventy-fifth year of his age in the engraving by Ritchie from a photograph in Van Buren's Political Parties (N. Y., 1867). The portrait by H. Inman, at a table, with the hand on an upright book, is engraved by Wellman. Cf. cuts in Gay, iv. 358, etc.; and the medal in Loubat, no. 57. defended Jackson's policy throughout (Curtis's Buchanan, i. 409). Webster represents the opposers (Curtis's Webster, i. ch. 20), and a pamphlet by Albert Gallatin was circulated in the interests of the bank, Considerations on the Currency and Banking System of the United States (Philad., 1831). Cf. Van Buren's Polit. Parties, 314, 412; L. G. Tyler's Tylers, i. ch. 15; J. A. Hamilton's Reminiscences; Parton's Jackson, iii. 255, 493; Tyler's Taney; William M. Gouge's Short History of Paper Money and Banking in the U. S. (N. Y., 1835); Royal's Andrew Jackson and the Bank of the U. S. (N. Y., 1880). Jackson's protest against the censure of the Senate is in Niles's Register (xlvi. 138), and some of the speeches in the long debate on receiving it (pp. 213, 249), but others can be found in the Debates of Benton, who pressed for several sessions his motion to expunge the censure from the records. (Cf. Benton's Thirty Years; Poore; Curtis's Webster, i. 545; his Buchanan, i. 293, - not to name other references.) 1 For his connection with New York politics see Roberts's New York (ii. ch. 33). 2 Parton (Jackson, i. p. xx. - where will be found other titles) calls it "a formidable mass of letters and gossip," and "a revolting view of interior politics." 8 Congressional Globe; Niles's Reg., v.; Benton's Debates, v.; Statesman's Manual, ii. 1157, etc. Cf. also Poore's Descrip. Catal., not to name other places. 4 Hunt's Edward Livingston (ch. 16, his Sec. of State). Stickney's Amos Kendall (his Postmastergeneral); Sargent's Public Men; The Memoirs of John Quincy Adams (vol. x.); Benton's Thirty Years (vol. ii.), and Life (ch. 9) by Roosevelt; Curtis's Buchanan (i. ch. 15); Jenkins's Silas Wright; James A. Hamilton's Reminiscences; Curtis's Webster (i. 565); Schurz's Clay (ii. ch. 20); Von Holst's Calhoun (ch. 7). * From the National Portrait Gallery (1859) after a painting by J. R. Lambdin. A portrait by Hoyt is engraved in the Statesman's Manual. A full length, with a cloak, is in Mrs. Bonney's Gleanings, i. 437. There is another likeness, engraved by H. B. Hall & Sons, in the Mag. of Western History, February, 1885. The campaign of 1840 produced very many engraved likenesses. histories do not as a rule come down so late, and the most can be got from Von Holst.1 IX. HARRISON AND TYLER, 1841-1845. The political campaign of 1840 has kept its reputation as the most hilarious on the part of the Whig victors ever known. Their confidence and enthusiasm was equal to their electoral preponderance; but far exceeded their majority in the popular vote. There is no commendable life of Harrison. The life of Tyler is best studied in H. A. Wise's Seven decades of the 1 Vol. ii. ch. 3, 4. Cf. Gay (iv.); Tucker (iv.); Hammond's Polit. Parties; Ormsby's Whig Party; Fowler's Sectional Controversy (ch. 10); Lalor (iii. 1061); Atlantic Monthly, July, 1880; Hodgson's Cradle of the Confed. (ch. 10); C. T. Congdon's Reminiscences (Boston, 1880); Poole's Index, 1361. Some glimpses of Washington life can be got in Gobright, and in N. P. Willis's Famous Persons and Places (N. Y., 1854). The references to the progress of finance (given ante, p. 329) will largely avail here. The sub-treasury system was established and the debates of Congress, collectively, or in the speeches of members, record the arguments which prevailed or failed. The great financial crisis of 1837, as an outcome of Jackson's policy, was an important concomitant of political views. It is very well depicted in Schurz's Clay (vol. ii. ch. 19). Cf. also Sumner's Hist. Amer. Currency; Von Holst (ii. 173, 194); Statesman's Manual (ii. 1157); Benton's Thirty Years (ii. 9). The anti-rent troubles in New York (1839–1846), while not immediately touching national politics, disturbed the relations of national parties in an important State. There is a short bibliography of the subject in Edward P. Cheyney's Anti-Rent Agitation in N. Y. (Philad., 1887), being no. 2 of the "Political Economy and Public Law series," published by the Univ. of Penna. Cf. Roberts (ii. ch. 35) and other histories of N. Y.; local histories like Jay Gould's Delaware County; Barnard's Rensselaerswyck; biographies like Jenkins's Silas Wright; D. D. Barnard in the Amer. Whig Review, 1840, ii. 577; New Englander, iv. 92; A. J. Colvin's Review of Anti-Rent decisions; and also J. Fenimore Cooper's Littlepage Tales. 2 Stanwood's Presidential Elections; Ormsby's Whig Party; Johnston in Lalor, iii. 1101; Gay's Pop. Hist., iv. 357; Von Holst, ii. ch. 5; Schurz's Clay, ii. ch. 22; H. Greeley's Busy Life; Thurlow Weed's Autobiog., ch. 48; and Memoir, p. 80. E. Eggleston's Roxy illustrates the days in the West. 3 Perhaps H. Montgomery's Life of Maj.-Gen. Harrison (Cleveland, 1852, and later eds.) is the best. There is a foundation for a Harrison bibliography in Peter G. Thomson's Bibliog. of Ohio, pp. 150-156. 4 Congressional Globe; Niles's Reg.; Benton's Debates; Statesman's Manual, ii.; Poore's Desc. Catal. 5 Of Secretaries of State: Curtis's Webster (ii. 39); Lodge's Webster (ch. 8); the lives of Calhoun; the writings of Hugh S. Legaré; with Coleman's Life of J. J. Crittenden, his Attorney-General. Tyler in 1856 made an address on the dead members of his cabinet, which is in L. G. Tyler's Tylers, ii. 384. Of public characters: The Memoirs of J. Q. Adams (vols. x. xi.); Schurz's Clay (ii. ch. 23) and Clay's Private Cor * Fac-simile of cut in Howe's Hist. Coll. Ohio, 231. There are cuts of the house and tomb in Lossing's War of 1812, pp. 573, 574. VOL. VII. — 23 |