common prototype. This alleged Wright picture hung for a time in Gardner Baker's museum in New York. It then came into the possession of William Lang, and descending through his son, William Baily Lang, was recently sold by the latter's daughter to Mr. Clarence W. Bowen, of Brooklyn (Mag. Amer. Hist., April, 1887, p. 352). It bears on the coat the badge of the Cincinnati Society, which the Savage engraving does not have, while the Harvard painting does have it. At the close of the last century there was hardly a picture more popular than Savage's, but its popularity suddenly ceased after the new century began.1

Savage also engraved another plate, which was for a while popular, called "The Washington Family," representing the President, his wife, his adopted children, and his negro servant around a table, on which lies a plan of the new Federal city, which is engaging their attention. The original canvas has been in the Boston Museum since 1840. He issued a large print of the picture in London in 1798 (heliotype in J., pl. vii), and made a second plate of it, with some difference in the rosette of the hat on the table.2

In December, 1791, Archibald Robertson, a Scotchman, spent some weeks in the executive mansion in Philadelphia, and made in the first place two miniatures, one on ivory and the other in water-colors, which the artist retained, and they are now owned by his granddaughters in Philadelphia and New York. There are photographs of them in the N. Y. Hist. Society, and Dudensing executed an engraving from the ivory one, which was published by Dexter in New York in 1866. Robertson used these as studies for a large picture, which he was commissioned to paint for Earl Buchan, and which in 1792 was sent to that nobleman. Robertson also painted in oils a half-length cabinet picture on a marble slab (1792), which was owned by Mrs. M. M. Craft, of New York, when the heliotype in J., pl. iii, was made. In 1796 he painted from the same studies two miniatures, which were given by Washington as wedding gifts to his wife's granddaughters, and are now owned by E. L. Rogers, of Baltimore, and Mrs. Beverly Kennon. Baker gives four engravings, which resemble but do not profess to follow Robertson's head.

One Williams, in 1794, painted a disagreeable, feeble picture for the Washington Lodge of Freemasons at Alexandria, in which Washington is bedizened after a repulsive fashion.3

Adolph Ulric Wertmüller, a Swede, is supposed to have had a sitting from Washington for a picture which he painted in 1795, though G. W. P. Custis seems inclined to discredit the story (Recoll., p. 520). He was the painter of several pictures, which have a look different from all other supposed likenesses. Rembrandt Peale calls it a "German aspect," and said it made Washington a "dark-complexioned man," which he was not. His first picture, which was a bust portrait in civil dress, was given to Mr. Cazenove, of Switzerland, and was later owned by Chas. Augustus Davis, of New York.4 The same head, of cabinet size, and with a military dress, was given by Washington to Baron von Warhendorff, and is now, or was lately, owned by the widow of Dr. Cornelius Bogart, of New York. It has been engraved by Buttre. A third picture, in civil dress, was in Paris in 1858, when it was copied by Mrs. Archer Anderson, of Richmond. A fourth, in civil attire, was painted for Amos Slaymaker, and is now owned by the Penna. Hist. Society. A fifth, similarly dressed (1797), is in the Department of the Interior, having been bought by the United States in 1878 from the representatives of Mrs. Lawrence Lewis. A sixth, a full-size bust portrait, closely resembles the Davis picture, and is now owned by Benj. F. Beale. A seventh belongs to John Wagner, of Philadelphia.

Of the miniatures of Washington, not already named in speaking of artists who also painted large pictures, the earliest is one by Labatut (1782), now owned by Miss E. F. Watson, of New York, and given in J., pl. xvi. It is on ivory, and was given by Washington to C. C. Pinckney. It is said to follow Stuart.

A miniature painted by John Rammage in 1789 is not now known. He is said to have had a sitting of two hours, and that the picture was intended for Mrs. Washington.

Walter Robertson, in 1794, painted a miniature from life, though some doubt has been expressed upon his having had a sitting. It represents Washington in uniform, with a black neckerchief, - an unusual neck-cloth for him, — and was engraved by Robert Field in 1795.5

Mr. P. A. Peticolas painted a miniature on ivory in 1796, which, having been bought from the artist's grandson by John Taylor Johnston, passed in 1876 into the hands of F. C. Sayles, of Pawtucket, R. I.6

1 During the short period of its favor, it was the picture selected for the Official letters of Washington (Boston, 1796); the Domestic Letters (N. Y., 1796); the spurious Epistles (N. Y., 1796); the Philad. Monthly Mag. (1798); the Washingtoniana (Baltimore, 1800); the Legacies of Washington (Trenton, 1800); the Memory of Washington (Newport, R. I., 1800). After this there was a long interval before Savage's head again attracted attention. It was engraved by O'Neill in 1865, for the Washingtoniana, published at New York by Dexter, and again by Buttre, the same year, for the Washingtoniana, published by Woodward (Roxbury, Mass.), and edited by F. B. Hough. The O'Neill print is also to be found in John G. Shea's facsimile edition of An Address from the Roman Catholics of America to George Washington (London, 1790). There is a heliotype of the Harvard picture in J., pl. vi.

other Washington Family" pictures have since been more or less popularized by engravings: one by F. B. Schell, engraved by A. B. Walter; the other by Alonzo Chappel, engraved in 1867 by H. B. Hall.

3 It is engraved in Sidney Hayden's Washington and his Masonic Compeers, and in Lossing's Home of Washington, p. 397. There is a heliotype in F., pl. xxi. (Cf. Hist. Mag., viii. 49.)

• While in his possession it was engraved by H. B. Hall, and can be found in Irving's Washington, Tuckerman, and Johnston (pl. viii).

Baker gives other engravings, including those in Winterbotham's View of the U. S. (N. Y., 1795); C. Smith's Amer. War, 1775-1783 (N. Y., 1797); and the Dublin University Magazine.

6 It has not been engraved, but is given in heliotype in

• It has been engraved of late years by Sartain. Two J., pl. xvi. It is said to follow Stuart.

James Sharples, or Sharpless, an English painter, beside making some effective profiles, to be mentioned later, is also the author of other pictures (1796, etc.), and, unless there is a confusion in such descriptions as I follow, some are pretty certainly profiles: One for Col. James McHenry, owned by David Hoffman, of Maryland. A pastel made for Judge Peters. A full-face sold to Mr. Walker (?) of London. A picture in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. A cabinet painting owned by Mr. Nathan Appleton, of Boston. One painted for Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth, and now in the Wadsworth Gallery at Hartford. A crayon owned by John R. Smith, of Philadelphia. A picture belonging to the rector of Wymington, Bedfordshire. A picture in the National Portrait Gallery, Kensington, is said to be by Mrs. Sharpless (Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. xiv. 160).1 William Birch, an English artist, is sometimes said to have been present (1796) while the President was occupied in his cabinet, but Hart says he used Stuart's first picture, when he made a crayon sketch, from which he painted several miniatures. One in enamel was bought by James McHenry, and descended to J. Howard McHenry, and this is given in heliotype in J., pl. xvi. A fac-simile of this, enamelled on copper, 1797, was owned by Chas. G. Burney, of Richmond, and engraved by H. B. Hall, and appeared in the Mag. of Amer. Hist., vol. iii., Feb., 1879, after which the plate was destroyed. (Cf. Ibid., Feb., 1880, p. 149.) W. Bone, in 1796, followed this Burney picture in an enamel mentioned in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xi. 292. An engraving of another picture, by J. G. Walker, purports to represent an original by Birch, belonging to I. G. von Staphorst, of Amsterdam.

Still another picture is said to have been drawn clandestinely by Birch while Washington was entertained at dinner, and this is owned by Mrs. Susan Washington Edwards, of Maryland; and a fourth was exhibited at the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, in 1876, as the property of a Mr. Lyle, of Dublin.2

F. Kisselman painted in oil a cabinet bust portrait in 1798, which is said to have belonged to Robert Mor. ris, and is now, or was recently, owned by B. G. Smith, of Germantown, Pa. It has not been engraved.

There are miniatures (after Stuart), painted by R. Field, the original being drawn on ivory in 1798, at Mount Vernon, for Mrs. Lawrence Lewis, and is now owned by her grandson, Lawrence Lewis Conrad, of Baltimore. A second was given by Mrs. Washington, who had worn it in a locket, to Col. Tobias Lear in 1801, and is now owned by Mrs. Wilson Eyre, of Newport. A third, painted on ivory for Thomas Meredith, is owned by C. C. Moreau, and is given in heliotype in J., pl. xvi. A fourth was sent by Bushrod Washington in 1825 to Bolivar, and is said to have been engraved.

Johnston (p. 144) also mentions an india-ink miniature made in 1799 by Charles Fraser, beside others without date.

The likenesses so far mentioned are wholly or in part front views, except the side aspects of the Houdon head. There is a large group of profile likenesses now to be noted.

The earliest we have was drawn by Eugène Pierre Du Simitière, a Swiss, who settled in Philadelphia in 1766, and is supposed to have made his studies of Washington in the winter of 1778-79, though we have no other evidence that Washington sat to him than the inscriptions on the early engravings of his profiles. His first drawings for these engravings are not known; but the first plate was executed by Brandi at Madrid in 1781. It was reproduced in London in 1783, engraved by B. Reading as one of the Thirteen portraits of American legislators, patriots, and soldiers, published in a small thin quarto by Wm. Richardson, without date; and again at London, in the same year (1783), published by R. Wilkinson, in no. 1 of Heads of Illustrious Americans and others, where the plate is somewhat larger than in the Richardson publication.8 There was a picture exhibited at the Philadelphia Exhibition in 1876, and called a Wertmüller. Johnston,

1 Some fraudulent pictures ascribed to Sharpless, and portrayed in an audacious book by James Walter, Memorials of Washington (N. Y., 1886), are exposed in a report made to the Mass. Hist. Soc. (Proc., Jan., 1887).

2 Birch did not engrave any of his pictures, but David Edwin engraved one in the Amer. Artillerist's Companion (1809), and there is a print in the Paris ed. of Barlow's Columbiad (1813). Baker gives other prints.

3 It was also engraved in London in 1784; by ́A. W. Kuffner in 1793; by B. L. Prevost and by Bonneville in Paris; by Adam in Marbois's Complot d'Arnold (Paris, 1816). This was the first head used on American coins (1791), and it has been several times copied on medals (Baker Med., 112, 122, 139).

who gives a heliotype of it (pl. iii), says it is a profile by Du Simitière, which once hung at Mount Vernon, and is now owned by J. P. McKean.1 Chas. Henry Hart calls it a Wright picture.

While on a visit to Mount Vernon, in 1786, Miss De Hart, of Elizabethtown, N. J., cut a silhouette of Washington with scissors, from which (?) there is an engraving in Henry Wansey's Journal of an Excursion to the United States in 1794 (Salisbury, 1796). It is also given in the large edition of Irving's Washington.

Madame de Bréhan, a sister of the Count de Moustier, the minister from France, drew a miniature from memory in 1787; and using this as a basis, she was favored by Washington with sittings at Mount Vernon in 1789, when she made a profile head, crowned with laurel, of which she made several copies. One fell to Mrs. Bingham in 1791. Another was sent to Paris, and was there engraved in 1790 by A. F. Séraent. She sent a number of prints from this engraving to Washington, who gave them to his friends.2

A miniature by Madame Bréhan is mentioned in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., vii. 300, as being in the family of Dr. Hosack. She also made heads of Washington and Lafayette in medallion on copper, of which there are engravings.8

Mention has already been made of the full-face portraits executed by Joseph Wright near the close of the war. In 1790, possibly for the purpose of sending an original sketch to his mother, who was then modelling in wax in London, Wright caught a profile likeness of Washington in church in New York, from a convenient pew which he occupied for two or three successive Sundays (G. C. Verplanck in The Crayon, August, 1857). He made an etching in military dress from this sketch, which he published on a card (1790), and it was afterwards reproduced in the Mass. Mag., March, 1791. It attained a considerable popularity, and appeared, more or less closely corresponding, in the Literary Mag. (1792), by Holloway; in the Pocket Mag., October, 1795; in the Amer. Universal Mag., February, 1797; in R. Bisset's Hist. Biog. Lit. and Scientific Mag., London, July, 1799; with Benj. Trumbull's Eulogy (1800); and the names of Collyer, Chapman, Evans, Scoles, Murray, Roosing, as associated with it as engravers. Joseph Ames gave the drawing a civil dress, and in this shape it was republished in New York in 1863.

FROM WANSEY.

What is known as the "Goodhue portrait" (1790) is a drawing in profile which was owned by David Nichols, of Salem, and is considered as following the Wright etching.4 Another similar head is drawn in pen-and-ink on the back of a playing-card, and is marked J. Hiller, Jr., 1794. It is owned by the Mass. Hist. Society (Proc., xiii. 243).

It is the opinion of Baker, though Johnston dissents, that a profile sketch purporting to be made by Nathaniel Fullerton was simply a drawing after Wright's etching, which it closely resembles. The Fullerton picture was engraved by G. G. Smith in 1851, which is given in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Register, January, 1857, and published as a picture of Washington while reviewing the troops on Boston Common, which would place the sketch in 1776, or at the time of his visit in 1789.5

A silhouette, taken in 1792 by Michel Benvenit Poitiaux, is given in E. M. Stone's French Allies, p. 387. (Cf. Johnston, p. 145.) A small cabinet picture in oil, showing Washington on a white horse, in Continental uniform, sketched while he was reviewing some troops at Cumberland, Md. (1794), belongs to Thomas Donaldson of Idaho. It has never been engraved.

There belongs to the Penna. Hist. Society a silhouette likeness which was sketched on some public occasion in 1795, and it bears the following inscription: "Presented to James Henry Stevens, Esq., by his friend, Col. William Washington, Sept. 9, 1800. Said to be a correct likeness taken from life of his excellency Geo. Washington. . . . S[amuel] Folwell pixet, 1795.”6

A hasty pen-and-ink profile sketch of his head, as Washington was looking at a distant vessel on the Potomac, was made by H. B. Latrobe in 1796, and is owned by B. S. Ewell.7

1 He has published a full-size colored lithograph of it. 2 One of them came finally into the hands of Gen. McClellan, and while he had it it was re-engraved by Charles Burt, and this new plate is reproduced in heliotype in F., pl. ii. Cf., for the same, Mag. of Amer. Hist., xii. 550. A print in the first volume of Crèvecœur's Voyage dans la Haute Pennsylvanie (Paris, 1801) is "gravé d'après le camée peint par Madam Bréhan à New York en 1789." This engraving is by Roger.

Washington, p. 199. A medal showing the heads of Wash ington, Lafayette, and Rochambeau is said to have been designed by her.

• It is heliotyped in J., pl. ii. (Essex Inst. Hist. Coll., xvi. 161, and Proc., iii. 229). C. H. Hart has other opinions. There is a heliotype in 7., pl. iii.

• It is engraved on wood in J. F. Watson's Annals of New York, and is reproduced in 7., pl. xxi.

Given in F., pl. xvi, and in the Mag. of Amer. Hist.,

* In Lossing's Field-Book, ii. 412, and in his Home of August, 1881.

The work of Sharpless was exerted, as evidence goes, in profile. Of a few views of Washington's person mention has already been made. He executed a colored crayon profile of cabinet size in 1796, using the pantograph to assure an accurate outline, and this picture is now owned by Gen. G. W. C. Lee, and is given in heliotype in J., pl. xix. He is said to have had several sittings, and G. W. P. Custis speaks of the results as giving "an excellent likeness with uncommon truthfulness of expression." He repeated several times in pastel this drawn profile. Among the works of Sharpless on this subject, it is not certain, from the way in which I

find them enumerated, that I have not been mistaken in supposing the following to be certainly in profile : one presented by Washington to Col. Tallmadge, and engraved by H. B. Hall & Sons, in the Mag. of Amer. Hist., February, 1883; one for James Hillhouse, of New Haven; a cabinet picture for Mrs. Morton Sears, of Bridgewater, Pa., which was given by Washington to Miers Fisher, of Philadelphia; one belonging to Mrs. William Greenleaf Webster. This profile picture was also engraved in a memorial design published to commemorate Washington's death, in 1800, but has never been engraved adequately in steel till cut in a private plate by H. B. Hall, in 1868.

The wife of the artist, Mrs. Elizabeth Sharpless, has left us a profile picture, in civil dress, which was owned recently, if not now [1888], by Mrs. Eliza M. Evans, daughter of Gen. A. W. White, of New Jersey.1

During the last years of Washington's presidency (1796-97), Samuel Powell, by the aid of an argand lamp, just then invented, made a silhouette of Washington, which is now in the possession of the Mass. Hist. Society.2 When Washington took his last leave of Congress, in June, 1798, W. Louterburg, from a favorable

1 It is engraved by P. Hall in the Mag. of Amer. Hist., June, 1884 (vol. xi. p. 513).

* It has been reproduced in J. J. Smith's Amer. Hist. and Lit. Curiosities, zd series (N. Y., 1860), p. xiv, and

VOL. VII.—37

position in Christ Church, where the ceremonies were held, made the India-ink sketch, which was given by Washington to the wife of Major de la Roche, an aide of Lafayette.1

dress (Philadelphia, 1810).8 of Washington's death.

In 1798 Washington's adopted daughter, Eleanor Parke Custis, made a shadow picture, which is now preserved in the Everett schoolhouse in Boston.2

The last portrait made of Washington in his lifetime is the one known as the "Saint Memin picture," portrayed in 1798, for which he had a sitting, as would appear. Washington was at this time in Philadelphia, organizing the army, in view of threatened war with France. Jules Févret de St. Memin used a machine for securing easily the outline of a profile, and, finishing it, reduced it for his coppers. He seems to have treated the head of Washington with more care than was bestowed on the eight hundred and more delicately engraved heads which we have of the better known Americans of the time, and of which there is a set in the Corcoran Gallery in Washington. His drawings of them are in part preserved, including Washington, which is in crayon on a tinted paper, about half life-size, in military dress. This original, which is rather striking and life-like, was owned by the late James Carson Brevoort, of Brooklyn. St. Memin engraved this at the time, but of different size from the rest of the series (as is another of his, professing to follow the Houdon bust), and this engraving was closely copied for Washington's Valedictory AdSt. Memin also made, for mourning-rings, six very small engravings at the time

Beside the bust of 'Houdon, already mentioned, it has been claimed, but without positive proof, that three other busts were moulded from life. This is alleged of a bust in wax by Mrs. Patience Lovell Wright, mother of Joseph Wright, who was a well-known modeller in wax; and from such a one, belonging to the estate of Paul Beck, she also modelled a bas-relief likeness.5

A similar claim is made for the well-known bust by Giuseppe Ceracchi, of which that Italian artist produced three copies in 1792-93. He gave it the severe aspect of a Roman general, and Rembrandt Peale speaks of it as having good points "in the flexible parts," but more or less failing in the rigid parts. One of the three he made for Congress, and it was destroyed in the burning of the congressional library in 1851. The second copy was sent to Spain, but was brought back to this country by Richard Meade, the minister to that court, and finally passed into the hands (1857) of Gouverneur Kemble, of Coldspring, and is, or was, on deposit in the Corcoran gallery at Washington.6 A third colossal copy was kept by the artist, and finally passed into Canova's hands, and was used by him. It is now the property of Williams Middleton, of South Carolina. The third additional bust, for which the claim of being modelled from sittings is made, is a miniature work (1796) by John Echstein, of the United States mint, now owned by J. C. McGuire, of Washington.7

The earliest monumental effigy commemorative of Washington, to be erected after his death, is supposed to be the bust in Christ Church, Boston. All that is known of it is, that it was placed in the church in 1800, by Shubael Bell, a vestryman; and Johnston conjectures that it may have followed a bust by Joseph Wright, that sculptor having died in Philadelphia in 1793.8 Wright is said to have taken a mould of Washington's head at Rocky Hill in 1783, which was broken at the time, but he is thought to have taken another at Mount Vernon in 1784, from which he moulded a bust, as the beginning of an intended equestrian statue for Congress ; but as nothing is now known of it, it is supposed to have been destroyed in the burning of the Capitol in 1814. The testimony of Elkanah Watson is explicit, that Wright made a bust (Hist. Mag., vii. 65). Rembrandt Peale says that a mould preserved among Wright's descendants was taken from Houdon, the two halves being clumsily put together. There are in existence two medallions of Washington's head, both of which are reproduced in heliotype in Johnston, pl. xxvi. One is of wax, belonging to Benjamin G. Smith, of Germantown; the other of plaster, and is owned by Gen. G. W. C. Lee. Another medallion in plaster, which belonged to the family of the late George Homer, is supposed to have been made by Wright (Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xiii. 254). He is also supposed to have modelled the so-called "Manly medal," which was struck in 1791,

in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xiii. 126 (1873-75). Cf. the paper on "The Home and Haunts of Washington," by Mrs. Burton Harrison, in The Century, Nov., 1887, p. 12. 1 Reproduced in J., pl. xxi.

• Reproduced in Lossing's Home of Washington, p. 399, and in F., pl. xxi. (Cf. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., ix. 356.)

8 The Brevoort drawing was again engraved by Dudensing, and published by Elias Dexter, in New York, in 1866. It was once more engraved by H. B. Hall's sons in the Mag. of Amer. Hist., Feb., 1880, and is given in heliotype fac-simile in J., pl. xx. The St. Memin head is also reproduced on the title of the edition of the Farewell Address, published in Baltimore by the Washington Monument Association.

4 A photograph was published in 1865, and a heliotype is given in 7., pl. xxii.

5 Hist. Mag., viii. 50; cf. Sparks's Franklin, viii. 343. This copy was engraved by H. B. Hall for Irving's Washington, and for Tuckerman's Portraits. A heliotype of it as it stands in the Corcoran Gallery, is given in 7., pl. xxv. From a drawing of the bust by John G. Chapman, an engraving was made by G. F. E. Prud'homme, which appears in Paulding's Washington, in Harper's Family Library (1835).

7 There is a heliotype in F., pl. xxiii.

• It is given in heliotype in Johnston, pl. xxiii.