Manly being the publisher, — and was the earliest one issued in this country to bear Washington's head. The closest reproduction on a medal of the Wright type of head is one struck to commemorate the evacuation of New York (Baker, Medals, p. 180). Wright himself cut a die for a medal, which was broken after a few impressions had been taken. It was copied in the engraving in the broadside edition of the Farewell Address, in 1796. At the time of Washington's death, Wright's head seemed to be the favorite one for medals (Baker, Medals, 51, 78, 111, 151).

A somewhat effective standing figure in wood, leaning on a column, with a scroll in his hand, was placed before Independence Hall in 1814. It was cut by William Rush, and was originally intended for a ship's head, but was bought by the city of Philadelphia. It is given in heliotype in Johnston, pl. xxviii.

The figure of a sitting senator, holding a tablet of laws, was intended by Canova to pass for Washington, and was made for the State of North Carolina in 1814. It was destroyed with the State House in Raleigh, in 1831. There are engravings of it from different points of view by Aug. Bertini and Dom. Marchetti.1 The English sculptor Chantrey followed Stuart's head in the figure, seven feet high, draped with a cloak, and holding a scroll, which in October, 1827, was placed in the State House in Boston.2 André Causici was the maker of the statue upon the monument in Baltimore, which was erected in 1829.

1 Both of which are reproduced in Johnston, pl. xxvii.

2 It was drawn by H. Carbould for J. Thomson's engraving. Johnston (pl. xxviii) gives it in heliotype.

In 1832 Congress ordered a colossal statue, which was made by Horatio Greenough, at a cost of $45,000. It was prescribed that it should have a head after Stuart, but other details were left to the artist. Alexander copied a Stuart head for the use of the sculptor, who also kept by him a cast of the Houdon head, at Fontainebleau. The statue was placed in the rotunda of the Capitol in 1841 (House Docs., nos. 45, 53, 57, 219, 27th Cong., 1st session). Greenough petitioned in 1843 that it should be placed before the western front of the building, as the vertical rays in the rotunda destroyed the effect of the face. The first equestrian statue, after a design by H. K. Brown, was erected in New York in 1856. The head follows Houdon.2

In 1857, a standing figure, draped in a cloak, was made for Noah Walker, of Baltimore, by Edward Sheffield Bartholomew. It is to be found in heliotype in Johnston, pl. xxviii, and a plaster model is at Hartford. Crawford's equestrian statue was unveiled in Richmond in 1858, making the crowning effigy of a monument of which the figures of Jefferson, Marshall, Henry, George Mason, Thomas Nelson, and Andrew Lewis make part of the base.8

1 It has been often figured, and is given in Johnston, pl. xxiii. Cf. A. H. Everett in Democratic Rev., xiv. 618; and Niles's Reg., xliii. 141.

2 A view of it, engraved by G. R. Hall, appeared in the account of the statue published at the time for James Lee,

and the same engraving is in Tuckerman. Johnston (pl. xxviii) gives a heliotype.

8 It is shown in Irving's Washington and in Tucker. man; as well as in Johnston, pl. xxiv.

The Houdon head was also followed by Clark Mills in the equestrian statue erected in Washington in 1860.1 A marble statue, by Joseph A. Bailey, was placed in front of Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, in 1869.2 Thomas Ball's noble equestrian statue of the commander-in-chief was placed in the Public Garden in Boston in 1869.8 The latest effigies are the standing figure, in military dress, executed by J. Q. A. Ward, and placed at Newburyport in 1879, and a different figure by the same sculptor, erected in New York, on the spot where Washington first took the oath as President.5

In the first years of the Revolution, before correct likenesses of Washington became current, sundry engravings appeared in Europe, either with no pretence to accuracy of features, or at best indifferently made to conform to floating descriptions. The most common type of these heads is traceable to two prints issued in London in 1775, one a standing and the other a riding figure, which purported to have been drawn by Alexander Campbell, at Williamsburg, Va., but Washington disclaimed all knowledge of having sat to any

such limner (Sparks, iii. 277). The standing picture shows a figure dressed in a cocked hat, with military garb, his left hand on his hip, while with his right he points behind to a battle going on in the distance. The legend says the print was published in London, September 9, 1775, by C. Shepherd; after which the plate seems to have passed to Germany, and in later impressions we read: "Ioh Martin Well excud. Aug. Vind." 7

Campbell published on the same day an equestrian print, in mezzotint, which was reproduced, with some variation in the horse, in a line engraving in Germany (Baker, nos. 46, 47). The English print is reproduced in Smith's Brit. Mezzotint Portraits.8

Another mezzotint, with a French title (Baker's no. 50), purports to be "peint par Alexandre Campbell, à Williamsburg en Virginie. Le vend à Londres chez Thom. Hart." Still another French print of the Campbell type, bust only, published at Paris "chez Esnauts et Rapilly," and entitled, George Washington, Eger, Général-en-chef de l'armée Anglo-Amériquaine, nommé Dictateur par le Congrès en Fevrier,

1 Figured in Johnston, pl. xxviii.

2 Johnston, pl. xxviii.

s Johnston, pl. xxviii.

• Johnston, pl. xxviii.

A photograph is given in G. W. Curtis's Address on the dedication of the statue (N. Y., 1883).

6 Johnston, pl. iii.

7 Baker, Eng., no. 49, and no. 52, a French print reversing the posture.

8 The same type of head was followed in a German print of a three-quarters figure, which is found in the Geschichte der Kriege in und ausser Europa (Nürnberg, 1777). This is Baker's no. 48, who gives other German prints (nos. 51, 53, 57, 61). One is in the Nord Amerika historisch und geographisch beschrieben (Hamburg, 1778).

1777, appeared in the Correspondance du Lord G. Germain avec les généraux Clinton, Cornwallis et les Amiraux dans la station de l'Amérique, avec plusieurs lettres interceptées du Général Washington, du Marquis de la Fayette et de M. de Barras (Berne, 1782). This is Baker's no. 58. Still another of the Campbell type is called: George Washington, EsqTM, General and Commander-in-Chef [sic] of the Continental army in America. Joh. Lorenz Rugendas sculpsit et excud. Aug. Vind. It represents him above the thighs, standing by cannon, holding a sword pointed upward, with a ship in the background.

It is observable that even during the later half of the war these questionable likenesses remained current. The medal which was struck in Paris in 1778 by order of Voltaire gave a fictitious head of Washington. It has already been mentioned that so late as 1780 and 1781 a head scarcely to be associated with any credited likeness of Washington appeared in the London and Boston editions, respectively, of The Impartial History of the War, and one equally at variance with the usual standards is in the Brit. Mag., vol. i. (1800). Campbell's head, with some modifications, appears to have furnished the type for the head in William Russel's Hist. of America (London, 1779), and for Murray's History of the War (London, 1782). Baker has separate sections on the engravings of these Campbell and other fictitious heads (pp. 33, 193), and in his Medallic Portraits he enumerates the coins and medals bearing the head of Washington.1

1 The early coins (1783, etc.) gave only ideal heads, the first true profile appearing in the cent of 1791. Baker enumeration is in excess of all previous ones: W. S. Appleton, in the Numismatic Journal, 1873 and 1876, gave 344 numbers; James Ross Snowden, in his Medals of Washington (Philad., 1861), enumerated the 138 pieces in the United States mint; W. Elliot Woodward, in a privately printed list of those commemorating Washington's death, gave 48 numbers, and there are 49 in the list ap

POSTSCRIPT.

pended to Tuckerman's Portraits. Cf. also Dickeson's Amer. Numismatic Manual; S. S. Crosby's Early Coins of America; Catalogue of the Amer. Numismatic and Archæological Society (N. Y., 1883), p. 30; N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1868, p. 196; Hist. Mag., iv. 83, etc. See the U. S. 19th Cong., 2d sess. House Rept., vi. (1827), for the medals of the Revolution belonging to Washington, which were purchased for the library of Congress.

Some of the statements of Miss Johnston, which are followed in this paper, are controverted, on the ground of opinion or other information, by Mr. Charles Henry Hart in a review of her book in the Amer. Architect, June 10, 1882. Mr. Hart says that a profile, perhaps original by Vallée, belongs to himself. In the Mag. of Amer. Hist., April, 1888, there are engravings of miniatures by Robertson, and of a bust-portrait by C. W. Peale.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book, if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are
made if additional information about the book is conveyed.]