Adoption, in Israel, 2, 85-87;

Babylonia, 6, 24-25, 27-28,
41-42, 47-48, 95-97; Arabia,
103-105.

Agnation, in Israel, 14, 32-33, 57,
66 f., 85, 230; Babylonia,
47-48; Arabia, 53, 81.
Agriculture (Heb.), 7–8, 77, 131,
155 f., 179, 204, 221, 229;
(Bab.), 181-184; (Ar.), 189,
229.

Ahl (Ar.), 5, 188. See Tribe.
Allotment (Heb.), tribal, 177-180,

192, 194-205; (Bab.), 181-
182; (Mod. Pal.), 190-193.
Am ha-ares (Heb.), 147, 232.
Ammat rabitu (Bab.), 184. See
Cubit.

Ancestor worship, in Israel, 44–46;
Babylonia, 48-53; Arabia,
53-55.

Arable. See Land.

Ba'al (Heb.), 14-15, 168.
Ba'l (Ar.), 18.

Batn (Ar.), 4, 188. See Tribe.

Beena. See Marriage types.
Bel (Bab.), 15-16, 167.
Be'ula (Heb.), 15, 17-18.

Booty (Heb.), 206, 222; (Ar.),
186, 206.

Boundary stone. See Kudurru;

Landmark.

Bride-price. See Mohar, Mahr,
Tirhatu.

Census. See Taxation.

Circumcision, in Israel, 86, 97;
Arabia, 105.

farm lands (Heb.), 170-171;
measure of, in Israel, see
Semed; Arabia, see Faddan;
Babylonia, cp. Qirubu;

the Babylonian metayer sys-
tem, 101-102;

communal, in Israel, see
Migrash; Babylonia, see
Ugaru; Arabia and modern
Palestine, see Communism;
crown lands (Heb.), 175-176,
204-205; (Bab.), 204; (Mod.
Pal.), 190;

value of, in Israel, 69-72;
Babylonia, 73-74.
Landmark, removal of, in Israel,
143, 180; Babylonia, 143,
185; Arabia, 193.
Landownership (Heb.), not abso-
lute, 166;

vested in the deity, among the
Hebrews, 166-169, 197; Phoe-
nicians, 168; Babylonians,
167-168; Arabs, 168;
tribal, see Land;

individual, in Israel, 155, 179-
181, 230-233; Arabia, 30;
evolution of, in Israel, 228 f.;
Arabia, 228-229; Babylonia,
229.

Land question and the Hebrew
prophets. See Prophets.
Land tenure, in Israel, Babylonia,
and Arabia. See Landowner-
ship.

Levirate (Heb.), 57-64, 231;

(Ar.), 64-65; presumably
unknown in Babylonia, 65.
Levites, exempt from taxation,
213;

revenues of, 198 f.;

territory of, 171, 201-202.
Loans. See Interest and Pledges.

Mahr (Ar.), 28-30.
Manumission, of slaves. See Slav-

ery.

Mark, arable, German, 172-173.
Marriage contract (Bab.), 14,
26-27, 35.

Marriage-portion. See Sheriqtu
and Nudunnu.

Marriage types, 2-4, 16 f.
Maskin (Ar.), 151, 153.
Matriarchy, survivals of, in Israel,

1-3, 228; Arabia, 3-5; Baby-
lonia, 5-6.

Meadows, common. See Com-
munism.

Metayer. See Land.

Migrash (Heb.), 171-173, 184-185,

197, 202-203, 232-233.
Mishpaḥa (Heb.), 32, 165, 178-
179, 187.

Misken (Heb.), 151.

Mohar (Heb.), 18, 31-32.
Mortgages, in Israel, 88, 132-133;
Babylonia, 133-139; Arabia,
140.

Mushkenum (Bab.), 100-101, 151.
Mut' a.
See Marriage types.

Neshek (Heb.), 113 f. See Inter-
est.

Nomadism, semi-, in Israel, 7-8,
88, 141, 228-229; Arabia,
188-189, 206.

Nokri (Heb.), 87, 114, 158.
Nudunnu (Bab.), husband's as-
signment to wife, 25-26.

Oblation. See Teruma.

Pasture, common. See Migrash

and Communism.

Patria Potestas. See Patriarchy.
Patriarchy, among the Hebrews,

7-10, 228; Arabs, 10-12, 65,
188; Babylonians, 12-14;
Romans, 9 f.

Pledges (Heb.), 128-133; (Bab.),
133-139; (Ar.), 139–140.
Ploughteam, of modern Palestine,

191.

Poor Laws (Heb.), 149-150, 155 f.,
230; (Bab.), 150-151; (Ar.),
152-155.
Preemption, in Israel, 66 f., 77;

Babylonia, 79; Arabia, 83-84.
Priests (Heb.), exempt from taxa-
tion, 213; property rights of,
75, 197-198; revenues of,
198-203; territory of, 197.
Primogeniture, in Israel, 9, 39-
41, 230; Babylonia, 41-42;
Arabia, 42-43, 64.
Promissory notes, Muslim.

See

Dayn and Salam wasalaf.
Property (Heb.), city, 170; con-
centration of property in
regal period, 143-148, 209-210,
230, 233;

consecrated to Yahwe, 173-
174;

paternal, inalienable, in Israel,
43-44; Babylonia, 46-48;
Arabia, 53;

value of landed property, see
Land;

in water, among the Hebrews,
228; Arabs, 186, 228-229.
Prophets, as champions of the
oppressed and indigent, 129 f.;
the land question from the
prophetic viewpoint, 141-148.
Prosbul, 159–160.

Publicans (Heb.). See Tax-
farmers.

Rahn (Ar.), 139-140. See Pledges.
Redemption, in Israel, 61, 67, 93,
169-174, 177, 219–221, 226;
Babylonia, 79-80, 102, 181;
Arabia, 110-112.
Redistribution, periodical, in Israel,

170; Babylonia, 181-182; mod-
ern Palestine, 190-193.

Release, year of, see Shemiṭṭa and
Deror.

Revenues, of Levites, see Levites;

of priesthood, see Priests;
under Hebrew monarchy, see
Taxation.

Riba (Ar.), 139-140. See Pledges.

Sabbatical year, 161–164, 175–176,
216, 233.

Sadaq (Ar.), 29; cp. 128.
Sade (Heb.), 171–173.

Salam wasalaf (Ar.), 126, 159.
Sarih (Ar.), 153.
Security. See Pledges.
Sedaqa (Heb.), 128.

Semed (Heb.), 145. See Yoke.
Service, public, Hebrew, impress-
ment for, 207-209.
Shemitta (Heb.), 157-158, 161,
175-176.

Sheqel (Heb.), 69, 142, 174, 213,
220, 226-227; (Bab.), 73, 138.
Sheriqtu (Bab.), 22 f., 34.
Shuf'a (Ar.), 83-84. See Pre-
emption.

Slave (Heb.), adopted male slave
entitled to succession, 85, see

Adoption; (Ar.), 103; (Bab.),
95;

value of Babylonian slaves,
94-95.

Slavery (Heb.), 9, 15, 85–94, 145,
156, 197, 229-230; (Bab.),
12-13, 94-103; (Ar.), 103–112.
Social Problem. See Prophets.
Solidarity. See Tribe.
Son, eldest, see Primogeniture;
of concubine, in Israel, 55;
Babylonia, 55-56; Arabia, 56.

Tarbit (Heb.), 113 f. See In-

Tirhatu (Bab.), 21 f.
Tithe (Heb.), 44, 182, 200–203,
222-225; (Bab.), 210-211;
(Ar.), 210; (Mod. Pal.), 193,
222; (Pers.), 207; (Eg.), 222;
(Gk.), 222.

Tora (Heb.), 177.

Toshab (Heb.), 92, 162, 166, 200–
201.

Tribe (Heb.), organization of,
178-179, 209-210, 228 f.;
(Bab.), 182; (Ar.), 38, 82,
186-188, 210.

Tribute. See Taxation.

Ugaru (Bab.), 183-185.
Usury. See Interest.

Village communities (Heb.), 179,
231–233; (Bab.), 182; (Mod.
Pal.), 179, 189-193.