-

CHAPTER VIII

THE SOCIAL PROBLEM AS VIEWED BY THE PROPHETS

Elijah Elisha-Amos-Hosea - Micah - Isaiah-

Jeremiah Ezekiel - Zechariah Malachi -The

social problem and the concentration of landed

property

-

141

CHAPTER IX

POOR LAWS

Regard for the poor among the Hebrews, Babylon-

ians, and Arabs-Protective measures-Year of

release-Provisions of the law evaded-Prosbul...149

CHAPTER X

SABBATICAL YEAR

Leviticus provides for a common septennial fallow

year-No indication of its observance until the

days of Nehemiah and the Greek period......... 161

CHAPTER XI

THE YEAR OF JUBILEE

Restoration of ancestral possessions-Redemption of

lands before the jubilee-Theory of land tenure-

Revival of the ge'ulla-Periodical redistribution

of small holdings-Distinction between city prop-

erty and farm lands-Levitical cities inalienable-

Common pasture lands-The law of jubilee and

the ancient clanships or village communities—

Traces of communism in Babylonia, Arabia, and

modern Palestine...

...

165

-

CHAPTER XII

EZEKIEL'S PLAN OF ALLOTMENT

Boundaries Tribal possessions-Resident aliens -

Possible explanation for arrangement of tribes-

Sacred oblation-Temple-Sons of Zadok-Reve-

nues of priesthood in general-The Levites and

their revenues-The city and its common lands-

Crown lands-Position of prince in theocratic

state-Diagram of Ezekiel's plan of allotment... 194

CHAPTER XIII

TAXATION AND TRIBUTE

Taxation before regal period unknown-Reign of

Saul-Rights of kings-David-Solomon-For-

eign tribute-State treasury-Land tax-Priest-

hood exempt from taxation Antiochus the

Great Trade tax-Collection of taxes-The Mac-

cabean period and the question of immunity from

taxes-Roman tribute-Sacred tributes - First-

born-Firstlings of flock and herd-First-fruits-

Tithes-Income of Levitical priests-Temple tax 206

CHAPTER XIV

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL LANDOWNERSHIP

IN ISRAEL

Group ownership-Right of conquest-Transition to

agricultural, community life of Canaan-Prefer-

ential right of personal labor-The institution of

private property and the regal period-Survivals

of an earlier conception of property..

228

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED

A.A.R.

A.B.R.

A.D.D.

A.J.S.L.

B.A.

Meissner, B. E.: Aus dem altbabylonischen
Recht. Der Alte Orient (1905), vol. VII,
pt. 1.
Kohler and Peiser: Aus dem Babylonischen
Rechtsleben, I-IV. Leipzig, 1894-1898.
Johns, C. H. W.: Assyrian Deeds and Docu-
ments, I-III. Cambridge, 1898-1901.
American Journal of Semitic Languages and
Literatures.

Delitzsch and Haupt: Beiträge zur Assyri-
ologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft.

B.A.L.C.L. Johns, C. H. W.: Babylonian and Assyrian Laws, Contracts and Letters. Charles Scribner's Sons, copyright 1904.

Meissner, B. E.: Beiträge zum altbabylon-
ischen Privatrecht. Leipzig, 1893.
Babylonian Expedition of the University of
Pennsylvania. Series A: Cuneiform Texts.
Harper, R. F.: Code of Hammurabi. The
University of Chicago Press, copyright 1904.
Stade, B.: Geschichte des Volkes Israel. 2
vols. Berlin, 1887-1888.

Nowack, W.: Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archä-
ologie. 2 vols. Freiburg, 1894.

Benzinger, I.: Hebräische Archäologie. Ed. 2.
Tübingen, 1907.

Hand-Kommentar zum Alten Testament.

Delitzsch, F.: Assyrisches Handwörterbuch.
Leipzig, 1896.

Gesenius, W.: Hebräisches und Aramäisches
Handwörterbuch. Leipzig, 1905.

xiv PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED

I.L.L.P.

K.A.T.

K.B.

Kent, C. F.: Israel's Laws and Legal Prece-
dents, in Student's Old Testament. Charles
Scribner's Sons, copyright 1907.

Schrader, E.: Die Keilinschriften und das alte
Testament.

Schrader, E.: Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek.

K.H.A.T. Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testa

ment.

L.M.C.H. Cook, S. A.: The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi. London, 1903.

O.L.Z.
P.A.O.S.
P.E.F.

R.A.H.

R.B.A.

R.B.A.

S.B.O.T.
S.I.J.F.

S.V.I.

T.A.N.

Z.A.

Orientalistische Litteraturzeitung.

Proceedings of the American Oriental Society. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. London, 1869-1913.

Wellhausen, J.: Reste arabischen Heidentumes,
in Skizzen und Vorarbeiten, vol. 3. Berlin,
1887.

Jastrow, M., Jr.: Religion of Babylonia and
Assyria (1898); Die Religion Babyloniens u.
Assyriens.

Rogers, R. W.: Religion of Babylonia and
Assyria (1908).

Haupt, P.: Sacred Books of the Old Testament.
Bertholet, A.: Die Stellung der Israeliten und
der Juden zu den Fremden. Freiburg, 1896.
Buhl, F.: Die Sozialen Verhältnisse der Israel-
iten. Berlin, 1899.

Clay, A. T.: Documents from the Temple
Archives of Nippur, in B.E., XIV.

Zeitschrift für Assyriologie.

Z.D.M.G. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen

Gesellschaft. Leipzig, 1847-1913.

THE SOCIAL LEGISLATION OF

THE PRIMITIVE SEMITES