Europe, in the triumph of Miramon. When I arrived, things were changed. Seven Spaniards had been assassinated, and the assassination was committed, not by private individuals, but by the leaders of the constitutional forces of the army of Tauerez. One of these leaders was Carvajal, who, after these sanguinary deeds, was promoted to be a general. I then found there was in Mexico a Spanish party and an anti-Spanish party. I say a Spanish party, not because they would be disposed to sell us their country, but because they have analogyaffinity with us, because they retain the traditions of their origin. I say anti-Spanish, when speaking of the other party, because they began the war of Mexican independence by assassinating our compatriots, and because they cease not to repudiate their origin. The Spanish party is that which has risen against the constitution of 1857. It reckons within its ranks all the illustrious of the country. We find in that party Alamar; Cobo is one of them; there are also Bonilla, Lara, Ramirez, Father Miranda, and Helguero. The other party is the one that hates us, that is selling its country to the AngloAmericans, and that erases the word Mexican from its constitution. The party that in Europe is termed re-actionary and clerical, is tolerant and liberal; it tolerates even liberty of worship. The Federal party, on the contrary, is a party of barbarism, a disorganising party—a party that aspires not to produce the annexation of the country to the United States, but rather to introduce anarchy into Mexico, by means of divisions, and by establishing twenty republics, in place of one. I add, that the majority of the Spanish party consists of whites, of men like ourselves, whilst almost the whole of the Anti-Spanish party is of mixed blood. The Indian race, who form the majority of the country, are most submissive, and most easy to govern. Compelled to halt sometimes among that population, on my way to Mexico, those people asked me for news of the Queen, our Sovereign. I replied, the Queen is my Sovereign, not yours; for you are Mexicans. But they answered, We have always heard our fathers say "the King, our Sovereign;" and that is why we also say the Queen, our Sovereign.""

M. Pacheco afterwards stated the remarkable fact, that in the space of forty years, Mexico has had not fewer than fifty-five different governments. In conclusion, in 1793 there were, according to Humboldt, 272,000 whites in the West Indies, and in all New Spain 1,200,000; now there are 8,000! In Jamaica, in 1787, of every hundred inhabitants there were ten whites, four people of colour, and eighty-six slaves; now, in the whole island, there are 13,000 whites,

90,000 browns, and 501,000 negroes. Verily Jamaica, Hayti, and Mexico make wonderful progress-downwards into that dark abyss where all civilization ends. Yet all races have a civilization of their own, such as it is.

The same remarks are strictly applicable to Brazil, and the Lusitanian possessions in Africa; the mother country has been drained of her best blood, and the result is worthless. We have it from the latest travellers, that the ignorance of the so-called Brazilian is something astounding. The same fate, as I long ago foretold, awaits the Anglo-Saxon of the Northern States, so soon as the tide of European blood ceases to flow into their territory: and so it will be with the Tasmanian and Australian of European descent. The time was when the Mongol held Central Europe: where is he now? Northern Italy was Celtic, and Milan a Gaulish city: what has become of the Gauls of the Gallic Cisalpine? Is there any Frankish, that is German, blood in old France; or any Vandalic blood in Northern Africa; or any Gothic blood in Italy? Yet I am free to add that there may be many exceptions to these laws, and that there may exist a race of men equal to any climate. These laws, for example, do not seem to apply to many other animals, nor to some plants. Wheat, first introduced into the American continent by Europeans, grows freely and without any cultivation in the fields of Mexico; and oxen and horses thrive all over the American continent. There may be some race or races of man to whom these laws do not apply.

Lastly, persistence of race has ever been held as a proof of distinct species. Now, as I long ago pointed out, the monumental and pictorial remains of Egypt shew us distinct races of men at the remote times when these monuments, etc., were erected. When I first wrote, or rather lectured, on the races of man, Lepsius and Horner had not written. The date of these monuments was unknown to me. Perhaps many may say that the date is still a mystery; in the meantime, it is generally admitted that they have an antiquity of many thousand years, and, if this were well ascertained, it carries back the origin of race to a point in history far beyond all historical evidence. So far as I have been able to discover in history, the races of Man have been always distinct; the antagonism-I had almost said the hatred of race to race has never ceased. To those who talk loudly about colonization and emigration; the peopling the earth with AngloSaxons; the transformation of the Red Indian into a Spaniard or a Saxon, a good Christian and a civilized man; to the all-powerful influence of education, etc.; I take leave to point out the result

of the Spanish Commission, sent expressly a few months ago to Mexico, to judge of the existing state of things. Don Pacheco might have summed up the failure of the gigantic experiment in a few words: 1, reduction of the Spanish race to 8,000; half a million of half-castes-atrocious, blood-thirsty ruffiians, without principle, living by rapine on the peaceable inhabitants, and ready and willing to sell their country (have such men any country?) to the highest bidder; the remaining millions are composed of pure Indians, as nearly as may be in the original state in which Cortez found them.

Thus ends the last grand experiment for human hybridism on the acclimatization of the European race on the continent of America, a land to which they do not naturally belong. A full-blood Indian is President of Mexico. All this I foretold many years ago. Another experiment is now in progress in the North: this time it is the burly Anglo-Saxon race, in their own estimation the biggest, strongest, best race in the world; the only Christian race; the unsurpassable race; the race destined to repeople the world after the extinction of all the others. They will also in time become extinct on the American continent; and so will the Celt of Canada.* From the character of the Celtic race in Canada I drew the principal features of their colonies all over the world. Thus it will ever be. Nor climate, nor government, nor external circumstances, ever alter race. They may, and they do affect them, and in time destroy them; but they never give rise to a new race. In half a century, the dreams of Humboldt, of Canning, of Guizot, and other profound statesmen, have come to a close; and nature once more, as I long ago predicted, asserts her rights. The Red Indian is not yet extinct, neither is he civilized. Three hundred years of attempted civilization, education, christianizing, baptizing, have scarcely altered him in the least. So it will happen in New Zealand: the dream of Macaulay, like that of Humboldt and Canning, will never be realized. Humboldt throws out a conjecture-a very

See their character drawn by me in the Races of Man.

+ 1 entreat M. Quatrefages' attention to the results of the Spanish experiment on the American soil; they completely subvert his theory of the unity of races. Nor has he substantially refuted what I said of the Celtic race in Canada. He says they have increased to about a million, which argues that they do not decay. Be it so. Has the character of the race altered? I find it asserted by a late political author that the population of Lower Canada is half American (States people), and that there is a continual immigration of such persons into the province. Under these circumstances, statistics are of no value. Without any fear of contradiction, I still maintain that the Celt of Canada is still a man of the Louis Quatorze age. That is all I assert.

This dream was a mere transcript of a passage in Gibbon.

probable one-that the present race or races of American Indians may be the descendants of a mixture of Asiatic tribes, and the aborigines of this vast continent; and it is not unlikely also that the figures with enormous aquiline noses observed in the hieroglyphical Mexican paintings preserved at Vienna, Veletri, and Rome, are historical fragments indicating the physiognomy of some races extinct long before Cortez and Pizarro appeared. To this is due, perhaps, the rapid decline of the Carib and Red Indian. (Vol. i, p. 155.)

As with America, so with Australia: the democratic sceptical Anglo-Saxon will here establish his favourite constitution; he will become of course a native Australian, a know-nothing, a true-born Australian, a democrat; he will set up an effete Anglican church, and worship it as children do dolls.* The imposture suits all his views. And now the race already alters in Australia, and in three hundred years they may be extinct.

Conclusion. The various species of Men constitute one great natural family. Each species or race has a certain degree of antagonism to the others, some more, some less. They never mingle; and, should accident cause a commingling, they ultimately separate into their primitive elements. The original history of mankind is as yet unknown. The historian takes no notice, and the scientific man cannot accept of the existing theological systems which attempt to explain his origin. Certain of these systems, unfortunately for them, include in their history of man a cosmogony of the earth and a chronology of man at variance with science and with history. Cuvier refuted the cosmogony, and the paintings and architectural monuments of Egypt refute the chronology.

Throughout this inquiry, frequent allusion has been made to the causes of the extinction and gradual decay of various races of men. The decline or fall of nations it is not so difficult to comprehend; nations are political institutions, which make progress or sink into decrepitude according to the nature of their respective governments; their decline must ever be in the direct ratio of the rigor of the despotism which afflicts them. There is no mystery here; but it is otherwise with races. Much has been said lately of the dying out of savage races in presence of a more highly civilized man; but, after all, there is no mystery in such a case. Deny to any race a free social condition, civil or religious liberty, and the race is sure to perish. But this is not all. The extinction of various forms of life on the globe, and

* Emerson. Professor Smith of Oxford has given the same opinion.

the appearance of others new to the earth, are phenomena in the production of which man plays no conspicuous part. It is a phenomenon in the hands of nature, and may perhaps be partly explained by a reference to some events which have occurred during the historic period. The Lusitanians took possession of the Canary Islands about four hundred years ago. There lived upon these islands a distinct race of men; this race is said to be now extinct, but they were not destroyed by the aggressive race. Were the Guanches a fragment or vestige of a race, whose centre of creation, the land of whose birth had ceased to be? Did they form a part of the fauna of the land, a portion of which now lies beneath the Atlantic ocean, whilst its eastern part is represented by the Sahara? For this seems to be the history of the extinction of races of men and animals; they perish with the land of their origin, or, as Buffon happily expressed it, their centre of creation. Thus have perished many races of animals and of man. The flat-headed race mentioned by Hippocrates as inhabiting the borders of the Euxine, were in all probability the mere remains of a race over whose centre of creation or aboriginal land the Caspian and Euxine now roll their stormy waves. The singular crania discovered some years ago in Central Germany, are probably the remains of some individuals of the race, who had escaped the catastrophe by wandering into Europe. The extraordinary shaped crania occasionally found on the shores of the desert rocky isles of the Pacific, belonged in all probability to the race whose centre of creation now lies buried under that vast ocean.

I shall return to this subject.

On the Unity of the Human Race; viewed as a Physiological and Anatomical Question.

PART 1. It must be well known to all who have carefully studied the works of the most illustrious of all anatomists, the late George Cuvier, that he admitted the fact, though no doubt with some reluctance, that occasionally in the anatomical structures of different species of animals greater differences could not be pointed out, although the species were notoriously and confessedly distinct. Coming within the category, he pointed out the genus equus, or horse; having failed to discover anatomical differences in the skeletons of the various species composing the genus, he was forced to admit that in this instance, at least, anatomy, the grand instrument of all his discoveries, was an unsafe guide, and could not be trusted; was in fact no guide at all. By carefully noting the external characters the