design, and confessed the whole transaction." This relation differs so greatly from that of Muratori, that it can scarcely be considered as the authority on which he has relied. Faustini has not even insinuated that the pope was an accomplice, nor has he connected this transaction with the movements of the papal army. The narrative of Guicciardini corresponds with that which I have given, and contains no charge of any intention on the part of the pontiff to assassinate the duke; nor has Paulus Jovius, who has left a very full and circumstantial narrative of the life of Alfonso, taken any notice of such a transaction.

NOTE 304 (p. 360).-Thomas de Foix, Sieur de L'Ecus. Capello in his Commentaries, denominates him Thomaso Fusio chiamato Monsignor de L'Escus; Guicciardini calls him Lo Scudo, and Robertson the Mareschal de Foix.

NOTE 305 (p. 362).-This document is preserved in Du Mont, Corps Diplomat. Suppl. vol. iii. par. i. p. 71. Charles V. also issued an imperial edict, which Leo published at Rome. About this time an explosion of gunpowder happened in the citadel of Milan, supposed to have been occasioned by lightning, by which several French soldiers lost their lives, and the fortifications were considerably damaged. Guicciard. lib. xiv. vol. ii. p. 185. This incident is commemorated in a Latin poem by Antonius Thylisius, of Cosenza, entitled, "Turris de cœlo percussa ;" published. with his other poems, at Rome, 1524, 8vo.

NOTE 306 (p. 363).—The number agreed for was ten thousand. Vide Guicciard. lib. xiv. vol. ii. p. 188. Planta's Hist. of the Helvetic States, vol. ii. p. 115. The importance which the Swiss acquired in the affairs of Europe by their courage and military skill has been properly noticed by Count Bossi; who has, at the same time observed, that the practice of hiring out their troops to the best bidder, and often to both the contending parties, occasioned the loss of that influence, and even of their dignity and power. Ital. Ed. vol. xii. p. 28. This disgraceful practice was strongly reprobated by Zuinglius, who, with the views of a patriot, and the feelings of an enlightened preacher of the gospel, represented to his fellow-citizens, in the most energetic manner, the disgraces and losses they brought upon their country, by suffering themselves to be hired as mercenaries by foreign powers. The citizens of Zurich were the only persons that paid any attention to him. Sleidan. Com. lib. iii. Ap. Henke, Germ. Ed. vol. iii. p. 453.*

p. 159.

NOTE 307 (p. 370).-The death of the pontiff without the sacraments, occasioned the following lines, attributed, but perhaps without reason, to Sanazarro :

"Sacra sub extrema si forte requiritis hora
Cur Leo non potuit sumere ; vendiderat."

Essais de Mon

NOTE 308 (p. 370).-Anecdotes de Florence, p. 303. taigne, vol. i. p. 15. Seckendorf, lib. i. sec. xlvii. p. 191, &c. A very apocryphal account of the conduct of the pontiff in his last moments, is also given by Fra Callisto Piacentino, regular canon of the Lateran, an enthusiastic preacher of the school of Savonarola; who in one of his

discourses on the words, " Seminastis multum et intulistis parvum,” exclaims, "Povero Papa Leone! che s'aveva congregato tante dignitadi, tanti thesori, tanti palazzi, tanti amici, tanti servitori, et a quella ultimo passaggio del pertuso del sacco, ogni cosa ne cadde fuori. Solc vi rimase Frate Mariano, il qual per esser leggiere (ch' egli era buffone) come una festuca rimase attaccato al sacco; che arrivato quello povero Papa al punto di morte, di quanto e' s'havesse in questo mondo nulla ne rimase, eccetto Frate Mariano, che solo l'anima gli raccomandava, dicendo, Raccordatevi di Dio, Santo Padre. E il povero Papa, in agonia constituto, a meglio che potea, replicando dicea, Dio buono, Dio buono, O Dio buono! et cosi l'anima rese al suo Signore. Vedi s'egli é vero, che qui congregat merces ponit eos in sacculum pertusum."-Ap. Tirab. vol. vii. par. iii. P. 419.

NOTE 309 (p. 370).- Leo was born on the eleventh of December, 1475; elected pope eleventh of March, 1513; and died, first of December, 1521; having governed the church eight years, eight months, and twenty days. Bossi has defended this chronology against the erroneous statement of the Benedictine fathers, in the "Art de Vérifier des Dates," that Leo died at forty-four years of age, "agé seulement de quarante quatre ans," and against Moreri, who has placed the death of the pontiff on the second of November, 1521.—Ital. Ed. vol. xii. p. 110.*

NOTE 310 (p. 371).—M. de Bréquigny, ap. Notices des MSS. du Roi. tom. ii. p. 596. It has also been noticed by earlier writers, as Sleidan, Jovius, De Thou, and others. Vide Casp. Burmann. Analecta, de Hadriano VI. p. 52, ap. Henke, Germ. Ed. vol. iii. p. 457.*

NOTE 311 (p. 372).-The cardinal de' Medici communicated the intelligence of the death of Leo X. to Henry VIII. in a letter, the original of which is preserved among the Cottonian MSS. in the British Museum ; at the same time the cardinal transmitted to him the papal bull for his new title of Defender of the Faith. Vide App. No. XIV.

NOTE 312 (p. 372).-Fabron. Vita Leon. X. p. 239. Mr. Hanke has observed, in confirmation of this opinion, that the duke of Urbino, in the very first days of the funeral obsequies of the pontiff, made preparations for the recovery of his dominions, for which he cites the authority of Paris de Grassis, in Hoffman, " Novum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Collect." vol. i. p. 487. Vide Germ. Ed. vol. iii. p. 459; but Bossi seems inclined to impute this crime to the duke of Ferrara; who was at this time closely attacked by the pope, and in danger of losing his dominions. Vide Ital. Ed. vol. xii. p. 47.*

NOTE 313 (p. 372).—This event furnished some one of his adversaries with an occasion of stigmatising his memory by the following lines:"Obruta in hoc tumulo est, cum corpore, fama Leonis. Qui male pavit oves, nunc bene pascit humum."

On the other hand, the death of the pontiff gave rise to numerous panegyrics, to which it would be equally tedious and useless to refer, as they may be found in the works of almost all the poets of the time.

NOTE 314 (p. 373).-" S. Maria sopra Minerva belongs to the Dominicans, and is of a long, narrow figure. It was built on the ruins of a temple of Minerva. In the choir are the very conspicuous mausoleums of Leo X. and Clement VII."-Dr. Smith's Tour on the Continent, vol. ii. p. 154.

NOTE 315 (p. 373).-Titi, Nuovo Studio di Pittura, &c. p. 20. But it appears from the "Lettere Pittoriche,” that Clement VII. had employed Michel-Agnolo to prepare his monument; and that the method he took to get it completed was to excommunicate the artist in case he laboured at any other work, either of painting or sculpture, until he had finished it. This extraordinary breve given in the "Lettere Pittoriche," at length, by Bottari, from the archives of the Vatican, and is, I presume, the only evidence by which it appears that Michel-Aguolo was employed to execute a monument of Clement VII. Vide Lett. Pitt. vol. vi. p. 203,

and note.*

NOTE 316 (p. 373)—" Sotto la volta dell' Arco contiguo erano due depositi, uno di Leone X. che non v'è più; l'altro di Leone XI."-Titi, Nuovo Studio, p. 20. It was on this monument of Leo X. that the following well-known epitaph is said to have been placed :—

"Delicia humani generis, LEO maxime, tecum

Ut simul illuxere, interiere simul."*

NOTE 317 (p. 375).—Among these panegyrical and satirical productions may be enumerated" Le Brilliant de la Royne; ou, les Vies des Hommes Illustres du nom de Medici, par Pierre de Boissat, Seigneur de Licieu, 1593," a work not without merit, but highly favourable to the family of the Medici. On the other hand, there appeared in 1663, a piece entitled, " Discours merveilleux, de la vie, actions, et deportemens, de la Reyne Catherine de Medicis, Mère de Francis II., Charles IX., Henry III., Rois de France;" in which the character of Leo X., with those of others of the family, is vehemently abused. (The author of this curious book was probably the celebrated Henry Stephens. Vide Meusel. Bibl. Hist. vol. ix. tom. i. p. 200, ap. Henke, Germ. Ed. vol. iii. p. 464.)* NOTE 318 (p. 376). Murat. Annal. d'Ital. vol. x. p. 145. To the censures of the protestant writers on the one hand, and of the adherents to the church of Rome on the other, Count Bossi has given an ample and satisfactory reply. Among the former he has particularly noticed the unfavourable manner in which Jortin has, in his "Life of Erasmus," represented the character of the pontiff; observing, that his remarks are all conceived in general terms, and are only simple assertions, not substantiated by any facts, but derived from the most prejudiced of the protestant writers.

NOTE 319 (p. 377).-Paris de Grassis gives us, however, a singular picture of the pontiff whilst he performed divine service in hot weather. "Est enim crassus, et crasso corpore, ita ut nunc semper in sudoribus sit, et nunquam aliud facit inter rem divinam quam aliquo linteolo caput, faciem, guttur, et manus sudore madentes abstergere."-Diar. inedit.

NOTE 320 (p. 378).-This account of Leo X. is chiefly obtained from

the fragment of a Latin life of him by an anonymous author, preserved in the archives of the Vatican. For some judicious observations on the character and personal accomplishments of Leo X. vide also Bossi, Ital. Ed. vol. xii. pp. 122, 125.*

NOTE 321 (p. 378).—He ridiculed the folly of Paris de Grassis, who requested him to order prayers and processions to avert the evils which were foretold by inundations, by thunder, by the fall of a crucifix, or a consecrated wafer carried away by the wind. "There is nothing in all this," said the pope to his master of the ceremonies, "but what is perfectly natural. People believe that it indicates an invasion by the Turks, and I yesterday received letters from the emperor, informing me that the princes of Christendom have united to attack Constantinople, and drive the Turks from their dominions."

NOTE 322 (p. 378).-In estimating the causes of the diversity of opinions respecting Leo X. Mr. Henke has observed, that his successor, Adrian VI., was a man so unlike him in almost every respect, that without calumniating Leo X. no one could praise him; and without commending Leo X. no one could detract from him. Compared with this successor, Leo X. must, especially to men of literature and genius, have appeared much greater, and more commendable than their gratitude had before considered him. Of Adrian VI. they very unanimously believed what was said by Pierio Valeriano, "Si aliquanto diutius vixisset, gothica illa tempora adversus bonas literas videbatur suscitaturus."-Henke, Germ. Ed. vol. iii. p. 466.*

NOTE 323 (p. 383).-To this circumstance the anonymous author of the Life of Leo X., before quoted, attributes, with great appearance of probability, the numerous lampoons which soon after the death of the pontiff were poured out against his memory.

NOTE 324 (p. 380). Thus he has been accused of having poisoned Bendinello de Sauli, one of the cardinals who conspired against him in the year 1517, (vide ante, chap. xiv.), and yet more positively, although more preposterously, with having destroyed, by a similar act of treachery, the cardinal da Bibbiena, his early preceptor and great favourite, who was supposed to have aspired to the pontificate, and who died at Rome in the month of November, 1520.-Jovii Elogia, No. lxv. p. 156. Bandin. Il Bibbiena, p. 49.

NOTE 325 (p. 380).—Valerianus informs us, that immediately after the death of the pontiff, his conduct and character were attacked by the most scurrilous libels, and that it was even debated in the consistory whether his name and acts should not be abolished from the records of the holy see.-De Literator. Infel. lib i. p. 21.

NOTE 326 (p. 381).-Bossi has endeavoured to establish a distinction between the pope and a temporal sovereign, which appears to me to be futile; observing that "the pope exercises his sovereignty in respect of his being at the head of the Christian religion, whilst the temporal princes, inasmuch as they are invested with a territorial government, exercise an authority over the religious worship of their respective

states." To this I shall reply in the words of a writer whom I have before cited: "whence church governors pretend to derive this right does not signify. It can neither be derived from the nature of Christianity, the doctrine or practice of Christ or his apostles, the condition of man in a state of nature, his condition as a member of society, subject to magistracy, nor, indeed, in England, from anything but the act of supremacy; an act which transferred a power over men's consciences from the pope to the king."—Arcana, p. 32.*

NOTE 327 (p. 388).-" On a time when cardinal Bembus did move a question out of the gospell, the pope gave him a very contemptuose answere, saying: "All ages can testifye enough how profitable that fable of Christe hath ben to us and our companie."-Bale's Pageant of Popes, p. 179. Ed. 1579. Of the candour and accuracy of this zealous friend to the reformed religion, the following passage affords an ample specimen :— "This LEO did enrich above measure his bastardes and cosins, advauncing them to dignityes both spirituall and temporall, with robbing and undoing other. For he made Julianus his sister's son, duke of Mutinensis, and Laurentianus, duke of Urbin; marrying the one to the sister of Charles, duke of Savoye, and the other to the duchess of Poland," &c.—Bale, p. 180.

NOTE 327 (p 388).—Bayle, Dict. art. Leon X. Other authors have asserted, that Leo actually excommunicated all those who should dare to criticise the writings of Ariosto. "Leon X. fit publier une bulle, par laquelle il excommunioit tous ceux qui oseroient entreprendre de critiquer ce poëme d'Arioste, ou d'en empecher la vente."-Richardson sur la Peinture, tom. iii. p. 435. "Leo, whilst he was pouring the thunder of his anathemas against the heretical doctrines of Martin Luther, published a bull of excommunication against all those who should dare to censure the poems of Ariosto."-Warton's History of English Poetry, vol. ii. p. 411.

NOTE 328 (p. 390).—Pallavicini, lib. i. cap. ii. p. 51. That he did not allow his ostentation to interfere with his devotion, appears from a passage in Par. de Grassis. "Vespera in Vigilia Corporis Christi, papa fuit semper nudo capite, in processione portans sacramentum. Et hoc fecit ex devotione; licet majore cum majestate fuisset cum mitra."-Diar. inedit. Leo did not, however, approve of long sermons. In the year 1514, he ordered his master of the palace, on pain of excommunication, to see that the sermon did not exceed half an hour; and, in the month of November, 1517, being wearied with a long discourse, he directed his master of the ceremonies to remind the master of the palace, that the council of the Lateran had decided, that a sermon should not exceed a quarter of an hour at the most. In consequence of these remonstrances, there was no sermon on the first day of the year 1518; the master of the palace being fearful that the preacher would exceed the prescribed limits. P. de Grass. Diar. ap. Notices des MSS. du Roi, vol. ii. p. 598.

NOTE 329 (p. 391).-Pietro Aaron, a Florentine of the order of Jerusalem, and canon of Rimini, a voluminous writer on the science of music, in the dedication of his treatise, entitled, "Toscanello della Musica," the inost considerable of all his writings, printed at Venice, 1523, informs us,