cauphe, made of a berry as big as a small bean, dried in a furnace and beat to powder, of a soot color, in taste a little bitterish, that they seethe and drink as hot as may be endured. It is good all hours of the day, but especially morning and evening, when to that purpose they entertain themselves two or three hours in cauphe-houses, which in all Turkey abound more than inns and ale-houses with us. It is thought to be the old black broth used so much by the Lacedemonians, and dryeth ill humors in the stomach, comforteth the brain, never causes drunkenness or any other surfeit, and is a harmless entertainment of good fellowship; for there, upon scaffolds half a yard high, and covered with mats, they sit cross-legged after the Turkish manner, many times two or three hundred together, talking, and likely with some poor music passing up and down." But of their music our traveler does not appear to think much, as he insists that he heard but one tune all the time he was in Turkey.

We have room for only one more extract, curious in itself, and showing in one respect, at least, a great improvement in the manners of the Turks of our day over those of two hundred years ago.

"The only beastly piece of injustice I found among the Turks was, their confidence to catch or buy up for slaves any Christians they find in the country; nor can he escape unless he be a settled known merchant, or go with some protector. I met with many who, in such voyages as mine, had fallen short, and prophesied the like to me. I have divers times been put to defend myself with my knife, from being shoved into houses by those who would have kept me slave; and scarce any day passed but some or other cheapened me with the Janizary, who, if he had sold me, I had no remedy beside what disdain of life might have presented. This I held the worst part of my danger, and against which there is no preparation of assurance, but in a final resolution." It was ransom, however, quite as much as service, that was looked to in these seizures; and to diminish as much as possible the temptation in his case, our traveler gave out when questioned, as he often was, as to his condition and the object of his travels, that, though born rich, he had fallen to poverty, that his friends were all dead, and that, having no ability for gain, he had wa

gered the small remnant of his fortune upon a visit to Constantinople and Grand Cairo, and a safe return. Nor was he content with thus appealing to the pride and sympathies of the Turks, while at the same time he quieted their avarice by exhibiting himself as a person for whom no ransom was to be expected. He took the further precaution, by giving wine to some and money to others, to secure at all times some friend in the caravan who understood the language and kept him informed of what was going on; and wherever he stopped he was careful to gain the acquaintance of some renegado (Christian, that is, who had turned Turk), and so to secure his friendship that in case of danger his assistance might be relied upon. This securing himself against being seized for a slave, he found the most expensive and disquieting part of his enterprise. Apart from this, the Turkish disposition proved in general "loving and honest." If a Turk made a promise with his hand on his breast, beard, or head, and especially if he broke bread with you, his word might be implicitly relied upon. They exhibited, indeed, a haughty insolence, the natural result of the position which they occupied, and of the greatness of their empire. Between Christendom and Persia they had all the world against them; but they still looked either way with proud defiance, intent not merely on defense, but conquest; and this national characteristic was abundantly displayed in the bearing and conduct of individuals. Yet, by submissiveness and flattery they might easily be managed and kept in good humor; and our traveler seems greatly to pride himself on his adroitness in this particular, by means of which, after a little experience, he never doubted of success, except when in company with drunkards, of whom he appears to have met with many, or volunteer soldiers going to merit Paradise by killing Christians, from whom there was no escape except by fleeing their company.

If Christian strangers in Turkey could guard themselves against violence and insults only by the most studied humility, and from being seized and held as slaves only by perpetual vigilance, no great degree of tenderness was to be expected from the Turks towards their own Christian subjects. It was their policy, in those countries of which they obtained complete possession, to destroy all the native nobility, and having dis

tributed the lands to temporary Turkish proprietors as Timarres or military fiefs, to reduce the mass of the native population to the condition of hewers of wood and drawers of water. But it was not Christians only who were the victims of this harsh policy, for it was carried out with just as much severity against the Arab-Mahometan population of Egypt, as against the Christians of Bosnia, Hungary, and Macedonia.

The Christians themselves, divided and distracted by theological quarrels those of the Latin, Greek, and Armenian Churches,being irreconcilable enemiescontributed, by their jealousy and hatred of each other, to maintain the authority of the Turks. The Austrians and Poles,

being Roman Catholics, had nothing to expect, in their wars with Turkey, from the Greek Christians. In this respect, as in many others, the position of Turkey has undergone a great change. The faith of the Greek Church, professed by Russia, gives her an influence with the mass of the Christian population of Turkey, such as no other nation ever had, thus making the maintenance of the Ottoman ascendancy a very dubious thing, unless sustained by the Western Christians out of enmity to Russians.

Our author adds some very curious and interesting details concerning the Jews, in whose hands the trade of Turkey principally was; but for these we have no room.