tion ?" The truth of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead was so deeply engraved on the minds of Christians, that multitudes have gone to the stake and the scaffold, and sealed with their own blood their testimony to the reality of the Christian religion. If this religion be false; if there will be no resurrection of the dead; if God does not by the operations of his Holy Spirit powerfully convince them of the certainty of a future existence, what can enable Christians so patiently to endure persecutions? And what profit can they derive from all their sufferings?

The succeeding verses appear clearly to evince the correctness of this interpretation of the text. "Else what shall they do, who are baptized for the dead, if the dead rise not at all? why are they then baptized for the dead? and why stand ye in jeopardy every hour? If, after the manner of men, I have fought with beasts at Ephesus, what advantageth it me, if the dead rise not? let us eat and drink; for to-morrow we die." These passages are all closely connected with each other. They are evidently, all parts of the same argument. If we understand the apostle as speaking, in the text, of the sufferings of martyrs, and, in the other two passages, of his own sufferings, and those of his fellow apostles, the sense will be complete, and the argument will be conclusive. In speaking of peculiar trials, the transition would be easy and natural from the sufferings of those, who had already been martyred, to the sufferings of the apostle and of his companions in affliction. But these results will not appear if any other expositions than the one which I have adopted, be given of the text.

I. L. J.

BIBLIACA, NO. II.

1 Cor. 1. 17, 18.-oux v dopie λόγου, ίνα μη κενωθῇ ὁ σταυρὸς τοῦ χρισ rou. Ὁ λόγος γαρ ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῖς μev droλλuμevors x. 5. 2.- Not in the wisdom of words, lest the cross of Christ should be made of none effect. For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish jooliskness, &c. The use of the article after Xoyos in this place is worthy of notice, and gives to the passage a shade of meaning which our translators appear to have wholly overlooked. They have rendered the phrase, ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ as though it were, ὁ λόγος τοῦ σταυροῦ, omitting the article. This latter phrase is no doubt properly rendered the preaching of the cross, the expression having special reference to the subject-matter proposed or announced in preaching. On the other hand, i λoyos & Fou orapou, if we mistake not, implies the preaching which belongs to the cross; that which is peculiarly suited or adapted to it. By which the apostle would intimate that there is a certain style, or kind of discourse, more especially becoming the exhibition of the cross of Christ; and which is at the same time so far removed from the acknowledged models of eloquence," the wisdom of words" in vogue among the refined portions of mankind, that they are scandalized by it, and account it foolishness. On the contrary, to "the saved," this same cross, preached in all its appropriate plainness, and simplicity, becomes "the power of God," and a savor of salvation.

Heb. II. 10. Έπρεπε γαρ αὐτῷ, δι όν τα πανία και δι ξ τα παντα, πολλους υἱους εἰς δόξαν ἀγαγονία, τον άρχο ηγον τῆς σωτηρίας αὐτῶν, δια παθημα. ων τελειώσαι. For it became him

for whom are all things, and by whom are all things, in bringing many sons unto glory to make the Captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings. It may be questioned whether our common translation conveys to the reader the legitimate import of this passage. According to that rendering, ayayovla, by an obvious anomaly in grammar, is referred to aul the Father r; were this the true meaning of the apostle we presume it would have been ayayov instead of ayayovla. As, therefore, the well known laws of syntax require that αγαγοντα should be constructed with an acusative, we should refer it to agxnyov, and consider Christ, rather than God the Father, as the immediate agent in bringing sons to glory. Indeed we are strongly inclined to the opinion that the whole verse, with the exception of the first clause, refers directly to Christ ; and though a translation which should not be unduly para

phrastic is not easy, yet we would suggest the following. "For it became him [God the Father] that he [Christ] for whom are all things, and who was to bring many sons unto glory, as the Captain of their salvation, should be made perfect through sufferings." This reading we consider grammatically and doctrinally correct. Examples of a similar collocation, or an arrangement in which the relative precedes the proper antecedent, occur repeatedly both in sacred and profane classics. The following from New Testament writers, may be cited.

Acts xvii. 23. Ον οὖν ἀγνοοῦντες εὐσεβεῖτε, τοῦτον ἐγω καταγγελλῳ ὑμῖν. Rom. viii. 29. 'Ous posуvw, xai προώρισε συμμορφούς τῆς εἰκονος τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ. As to the sense thus elicited from the words, it is confirmed by the following texts: ver. 13 of this chapter: xa aλ, 'Idou έγω, και τα παιδια & μοι ἔδωκεν ὁ θεος. Col. i. 16. τα παντα δὲ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἰς alov έxliolar.

FRUIT A SUBSTITUTE FOR ARDENT

SPIRITS.

In lately reading in the New Edinburgh Encyclopedia, Vol. X. article Horticulture, my attention was arrested by the following remark: "It is a just observation of an eminent horticulturist, (Mr. Knight,) that the palate which relishes fruit is seldom pleased with strong fermented liquors, and that as feeble causes continually acting, ultimately produce extensive effects, the supplying the public with fruits at a cheap rate, would have a tendency to operate favourably both on the physical and moral health of the people."

Upon comparing the observation
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here made with the habits of various persons with whom I have been acquainted, I was led to conclude that it was founded in truth. In this conclusion I was strengthened by the testimony of some intelligent friends, who remarked, that so far as they had observed, those persons who were peculiarly fond of fruit made little or no use of ardent spirits; and that, on the other hand, those who had contracted a fondness for ardent spirits set no value upon fruit, and were seldom known to eat it.

Viewing the subject to be one of some importance, I then endeavoured to ascertain whether the fact alleged received any support from the known habits of different na

tions. And although I am sensible that in tracing national habits to their source, we are liable to error from our ignorance of all the causes which may have operated to produce them, and from the consequent liability to assign an undue weight to some particular cause, yet after an investigation of the subject-a limited one I admit-I find myself fully established in the opinion that the habits of temperance and intemperance in different nations, are to be ascribed to some extent at least, to their possession or want of an abundance and variety of fruit, particularly of the finer and more delicious kinds. In the northern countries of Europe the finer fruits, if raised at all, are raised only in small quantities. Even in England, cherries, and peaches, and pears, and apples fitted for the table, are seldom brought to perfection without the aid of walls, and coverings, and artificial heat; and in cold seasons, even apples of the hardier kinds do not ripen in the open fields. But in England, and in all the other northern countries of Europe, the intemperate use of strong fermented liquors prevails every where to a very great extent. On the other hand, in France and Spain, and Italy, and the other countries in the south of Europe, where most of the fruits above mentioned are raised with ease and in the highest perfection; and where in addition to these they have an abundance of the most delicious grapes and figs; and in many places olives and oranges; together with many other fruits peculiar to warm cliinates, drunkenness among all classes of society is almost wholly unknown. It is worthy of remark also, that savage and uncivilized nations, who have seldom any fruit except such as grows wild, are almost universally greedy after ardent spirits and that many of them who never invented any thing else, have

found out the means of manufacturing intoxicating drinks.

The diversity which prevails in Europe with respect to the use of arden spirits has sometimes been resolved into the influence of climate. In cold regions it is thought there is naturally a much stronger propensity for ardent spirits, than in regions where the climate is more mild and uniform. But this opinion is wholly unsupported: Nay it is contrary to well established facts. For not to insist that ardent spirits are consumed in cold countries in much greater quantities in summer than in winter, in Nubia, lying within the torrid zone, according to the testimony of the traveller Burckhardt, there is a universal prevalence of intoxication; uncivilized nations possess the same propensity for intoxicating liquors in warm, as in cold regions; and in our own country as free use is inade of ardent spirits at the south, as at the north.

The temperance which prevails in the south of Europe, has also been ascribed to the general use of wine. That this is a cause of very considerable influence, cannot be doubted. For the tendency of wine to produce an intemperate appetite is far less than that of distilled spirits, or malt liquors. But when it is considered that in the northern countries of Europe those wines only are held in estimation which are fitted to produce excitement, and that to a considerable extent they are subservient to intemperance; while in Italy, for instance, where intoxication is of exceedingly rare occurrence, those wines are preferred which are sweet and pleasant to the taste; and that they are used solely for the purpose of refreshment; it becomes necessary to look out for some other cause for the singularly temperate use which is made of wine itself in the southern countries of Europe. This cause, it is believed will be

HOPS

found in the use of fruits; which are very abundant in those countries where the vine flourishes. But the tendency of wine to create an intemperate appetite is comparaatively so small, the quantity of weak and therefore harmless wine made 114 and consumed in countries producing the vine is so great, and so excellent is the fruit itself, that the vine may doubtless with propriety be cultivated for the purpose of checking intemperance.

In the United States of America, though well fitted for the producጓ tion of fruit, throughout nearly their whole extent. drunkenness is every where very common. This may perhaps be considered an 7 anomaly. But it admits I think of a satisfactory explanation. The original settlers of this country were principally from the British Isles; and brought with them a taste for fermented liquors which they had contracted in their native land. For a long period, they were of necessity wholly destitute of fruit, with the exception of a few inferior kinds which grew wild. And even to this day the more delicious fruits -such I mean as are suited to the climate-are by no means extensively raised. On probably nine tenths of the farms in the state in which I reside, which is one of the oldest, there is little fruit of any value, with the exception of apples, and these often not grafted. Peaches were formerly common; but now they are very rare-though with a little pains easily raised in any quantity. English cherries, with the exception of a few places, are by no means abundant, often none in a whole township. Good pears, in any considerable variety, are seldom seen. And strawberries, raspberries, and gooseberries, are cultivated in only a small number of gardens. Here and there an indivdual is attentive to the raising of fruit. Though but few families -probably not more than one in

five hundred-are well supplied the year round, with the various fruits suited to the season. Hitherto, therefore, in this country, the use of fruit can have had but a partial influence in promoting temperance. In confirmation of the origin of intemperance in this country as above explained, it may be stated, that in Cuba, settled by the Spaniards, a people distinguished for their temperate habits, as was lately asserted in the New York Advertiser, "there are no drunkards." It is well known also, that the descendants of the Spaniards and Portuguese in the middle regions of America, are generally temperate; while the English, and Dutch, and Danes in the same regions, possess the intemperate propensity of their countrymen in Europe. Whether it will be found upon inquiry, that the former make a freer use of fruit than the latter-and if it should be, it will be an additional confirmation of the position which it is the object of this paper to establish,--I have not at present, the means of ascertaining.

The manner in which fruit is made to supply the place of fermented liquors is easily explained; and the statement, it is believed, will correspond with what most persons have experienced, or observed. In the intervals of our regularly established meals, we all occasionally, and very many of us constantly, either feel, or fancy that we feel, the need of some slight refreshment. At such times, if fruit is not to be had, many persons resort to fermented liquors, and thus insensibly lay a foundation for intemperance. But if they are in possession of delicious fruits, these are almost always chosen by temperate people in preference to the choicest wines. This need of refreshment is more especially felt in summer.consequent upon the exhaustion occasioned by heat and fatigue. Fruit is then found to answer the