were left had endured fuch miferies, that they called thofe that were dead happy men: That he had not only tortured the bodies of his fubjeéis, but entire cities, and had done much harm to the cities of his own country, while he adorned thofe that belonged to foreigners, and he fhed the blood of Jews, in order to do kindnets to those people that were out of their bounds: That he had filled the nation full of poverty, and of the greateft iniquity, inftead of that happiness, and thofe laws which they had anciently enjoyed: That, in fhort, the Jews had borne more calamities from Herod, in a few years, than had their forefathers during all that interval of time that had paffed fince they had come out of Babylon, and returned home, in the reign of Xerxes: That, however, the nation was come to fo low a condition by being inured to hardships, that they fubmitted to his fucceffor of their own accord, though he brought them into bitter flavery: That accordingly they readily called Archelaus, though he was the fon of fo great a tyrant, king, after the deceafe of his father, and joined with him in mourning for the death of Herod, and in wifhing him good fuccefs in that his fucceffion; while yet this Archelaus, left he fhould be in danger of not being thought the genuine fon of Herod, began his reign with the murder of three thousand citizens; as it he had a mind to offer le many bloody facrifices to God for his government, and to fill the temple with the like number of dead bodies at that feflival: That, however, thole that were left after fo many miferies had juft reafon to confider now at laft the calamities they had undergone and to oppose themselves, like foldiers in war, to receive thofe ftripes upon their faces but not upon their backs, as hitherto, Whereupon they prayed that the Romans would have compaffion upon the poor] remains of Judea, and not expole what was left of them to fuch as barbaroufly tore them to pieces, and that they would join their country to Syria, and adminifter the government by their own commanders; whereby it would foon] be demonftrated that those who are under the calumny of feditious perfons, and lovers of war, know how to bear governors that are let over them, if they be but tolerable ones. So the Jews concluded their accufation with this request. Then rofe up Nicolaus, and confuted the acculations which were brought against the kings, and himself accufed the Jewish nation, as hard to be ruled, and as naturally difobedient to kings. He alfo reproached all thofe kinfmen of Archelaus who had left him, and were gone over to his accufers.

3. So Cæfar, after he had heard both fides, diffolved the af

Here we have a frong confirmation that it was Xerxes, and not Artaxerxes, under whom the main part of the Jews returned out of the Babylonian captivity; i. e. in the days of Ezra and Nehemiah. The fame thing is in the Antiquities B. XI. chap. v. icct. 1. Vol. I.

fembly for that time; but a few days afterward he gave the one half of Herod's kingdom to Archelaus, by the name of Ethnarch, and promifed to make him king alfo afterward, if he rendered himfelf worthy of that dignity. But as to the other half he divided it into two tetrarchies, and gave them to two other fons of Herod, the one of them to Philip, and the other to that Antipas, who contefted the kingdom with Archelaus. Under this laft was Perea, and Galilee, with a revenue of two hundred talents: But Batanea, and Trachonitis, and Auranitis, and certain parts of Zeno's house about Jamnia, with a revenue of an hundred talents, were made fubJect to Philip; while Idumea, and all Judea, and Samaria, were parts of the ethnarchy of Archelaus, although Samaria was eafed of one quarter of its taxes, out of regard to their not having revolted with the reft of the nation. He alfo made fubject to him the following cities, viz. Strato's Tower, and Sebafte, and Joppa, and Jerufalem; but as to the Grecian cities. Gaza, and Gadara, and Hippos, he cut them off from the kingdom, and added them to Syria. Now the revenue of the country that was given to Archelaus, was four hundred tal ents. Salome alfo, befides what the king had left her in his teftaments, was now made miftrefs of Jamnia, and Afhdod, and Phalaelis. Cæfar did moreover beftow upon her the royal palace of Alcalon; by all which the got together a revenue of fixty talents; but he put her houfe under the ethnarchy of Archelaus And for the reft of Herod's offspring, they received, what was bequeathed to them in his teftaments; but, befides that, Cæfar granted to Herod's two virgin daughters five hundred thoufand [drachmæ of filver, and gave them in marriage to the fons of Pheroras: But after this family dif tribution, he gave between them what had been bequeathed to him by Herod, which was a thoufand talents, referving to himfelf only fome inconfiderable prefents, in honour of the deceased.

CHAP. VII.

The Hiftory of the Spurious Alexander. Archelaus is Banished and Glaphyra dies after what was to happen to both of them had been fhewed them in Dreams.

IN

the mean time there was a man, who was by birth a Jew, but brought up at Sidon with one of the Roman freed-men, who falfely pretended, on account of the refemblance of their countenances, that he was that Alexander who was flain by Herod. This man came to Rome, in hopes of not being detected. He had one who was his affiftant of his own nation, and who knew all the affairs of the kingdom, and inftructed him to fay, how thofe that were fent to kill him and

Ariftobulus had pity upon them, and ftole them away, by put ting bodies that were like theirs in their places. This man deceived the Jews that were at Crete, and got a great deal of money of them for travelling in fplendour; and thence failed to Melos, where he was thought fo certainly genuine, that he got a great deal more money, and prevailed with those that had treated him to fail along with him to Rome, So he landed at Dicearchia, [Puteoli,] and got very large prefents from the Jews who dwelt there, and was conducted by his father's friends as if he were a king; nay, the refemblance in his countenance procured him fo much credit, that thofe who had feen Alexander, and had known him very well, would take their oaths that he was the very fame perfon. Accordingly the whole body of the Jews that were at Rome, ran out in crowds. to fee him, and an innumerable multitude there was which ftood in the narrow places, through which he was carried; for. thofe of Melos were fo far diftracted, that they carried him in a fedan, and maintained a royal attendance for him at their own proper charges..

2. But Cæfar, who knew perfectly well the lineaments of Alexander's face, because he had been accufed by Herod before him, difcerned the fallacy in his countenance, even before he faw the man. However, he fuffered the agreeable fame that went of him to have fome weight with him, and fent Celadus, one who well knew Alexander, and ordered him to bring the young man to him. But when Cæfar faw him, he immediately difcerned a difference in his countenance, and when he had discovered that his whole body was of a more robust texture, and like that of a flave, he understood the whole was a contrivance. But the impudence of what he said greatly provoked him to be angry at him; for when he was asked about Ariftobulus, he faid, That " he was alfo preferved alive, and was left on purpose in Cyprus, for fear of treachery, becaufe it would be harder for plotters to get them both into. their power while they were feparate.' Then did Cæfar take him by himself privately, and faid to him, "I will give thee thy life, if thou wilt difcover who it was that perfuaded thee to forge fuch flories." So he faid that he would difcover him, and followed Cæfar, and pointed to that Jew who abused the refemblance of his face to get money; for that he had received more presents in every city than ever Alexander did when he was alive. Cæfar laughed at the contrivance, and put this ipurious Alexander among his rowers, on account of the ftrength of his body, but ordered him that perfuaded him to be put to death. But for the people of Melos, they had been fufficiently punished for their folly by the expences they had been at on his account.

3. And now Archelaus took poffeffion of his ethnarchy, and ufed not the Jews only, but the Samaritans alfo barbaroufly; and this out of his refentment of their old quarrels with him..

Whereupon they both of them fent ambaffadors against him to Cæfar and in the ninth year of his government he was banished to Vienna, a city of Gaul, and his effects were put into Cæfar's treasury. But the report goes, that before he was fent for by Cæfar, he seemed to fee nine ears of corn, full and large, but devoured by oxen. When, therefore, he had lent for the diviners and fome of the Chaldeans, and inquired of them what they thought it portended, and when one of them had one interpretation, and another had another, Simon, one of the feet of the Effens, faid, That he thought the ears of corn denoted year, and the oxen denoted a mutation of things, because by their ploughing they made an alteration of the country. That therefore he fhould reign as many years as there were ears of corn, and after he had paffed through various alterations of fortune, fhould die." Now five days after Archelaus had heard this enterpretation he was called to his trial,

4. I cannot alfo but think it worthy to be recorded, what dream Glaphyra, the daughter of Archelaus, king of Capadocia, had, who had at first been wife to Alexander, who was the brother of Archelaus, cencerning whom we have been difcourfing. This Alexander was the lon of Herod the king, by whom he was put to death, as we have already related. This Glaphyra was married, after his death, to Juba, king of Lybia, and, after his death, was returned home, and lived a widow with her father. Then it was that Archelaus, the ethnarch faw her, and fell fo deeply in love with her, that he divorced Mariamne, who was then his wife, and married her. When, therefore, fhe was come into Judea, and had been there for a little while, fhe thought the faw Alexander ftand by her, and that he said to her, "Thy marriage with the king of Lybia might have been fufficient for thee; but thou waft not contented with him, but art returned again to my family, to a third husband, and him, thou impudent woman haft thou cholen for thine husband, who is my brother. However, I fhall not overlook the injury thou haft offered me; I fhall [foon] have thee again, whether thou wilt or no." Now Glaphyra hardly furvived the narration of this dream of hers two days.

CHAP. VIII.

Archelaus's Ethnarchy is reduced into a [Roman] Province. The Sedition of Judas of Gulilee. The three Jects of the Jews.

§ 1. AND now Archelaoponius, one of the equeftrian or

ND now Archelaus's part of Judea was reduced into

der among the Romans, was fent as a procurator, having the power of life and death put into his hands by Cæfar. Un

der his administration it was, that a certain Galilean, whofe name was Judas, prevailed with his countrymen to revolt, and faid they were cowards it they would endure to pay a tax to the Romans, and would, after God, fubmit to mortal men as their lords. This man was a teacher of a peculiar fet of his own, and was not at all like the reft of thole their lead

ers.

2. For there are three philofophical feats among the Jews. The followers of the firft of which are the Pharifees of thẹ fecond the Sadducees, and the third left. which pretends to a feverer difcipline, are called Effens. Thefe laft are Jews by birth, and feem to have a greater affection for one another than the other fects have. Thefe Effens reject pleafures as an evil, but efteem continence, and the conqueft over our paffions to be virtue. They neglect wedlock, but choose out other per fons children while they are pliable, and fit for learning, and esteem them to be of their kindred, and form them according to their own manners. They do not abfolutely deny the fitness of marriage, and the fucceffion of mankind thereby continued; but they guard against the lafcivious behaviour of women, and are perfuaded that none of them preferve their fidelity to one man.

3. These men are defpifers of riches, and fo very communicative as raises our admiration. Nor is there any one to be found among them who hath more than another; for it is a law among them, that those who come to them muft let what they have be common to the whole order, infon uch that among them all there is no appearance of poverty or excefs of riches, but every one's poffeffions are intermingled with every other's pol feffions,and to there is, as it were, one patrimony among all the brethren. They think that oil is a defilement; and if any one of them be anointed, without his own approbation, it is wiped off his body; for they think to be fweaty is a good thing, as they do alfo to be clothed in white garments. They also have stewards appointed to take care of their common affairs, who every one of them have no feparate business for any, but what is for the ufes of them all.

4. They have no one certain city, but many of them dwell in every city; and if any of their feet come from other places, what they have lies open for them, just as if it were their own, and they go into fuch as they never knew before, as if they had been ever fo long acquainted with them. For which reason they carry nothing at all with them when they travel into remote parts, though ftill they take their weapons with them, for fear of thieves. Accordingly there is, in every city where they live, one appointed particularly to take care of ftrangers, and to provide garments and other neceffaries for them. But the habit and management of their bodies is fuch as children ufe who are in fear of their mafters. Nor do they allow of the change of garments, or of fhoes, till they be firit