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nal punishment. But the Sadducees are thofe that compofe the fecond order, and take away fate entirely, and fuppofe that God is not concerned in our doing or not doing what is evil; and they fay, that to act what is good, or what is evil, is at mens own choice, and that the one or the other belongs fo to every one, that they may act as they pleafe. They allo take away the belief of the immortal duration of the foul, and the punishments and rewards in Hades. Moreover, the Pharifees are friendly to one another, and are for the exercise of concord, and regard for the public; but the behaviour of the Sadducees one towards another is in fome degree wild, and their converfation with thofe that are of their own party is as barbarous as if they were firangers to them. And this is what I had to fay concerning the philofophic fects among the Jews."

CHA P. IX.

The Death of Salome. The Cities which Herod and Philip, built. Pilate occafions Diflurbances. Tiberius puts Agrippa into Bonds, but Caius frees him from them, and makes. him King. Herod Antipas is Banished.

§ 1. AND now as the ethnarchy of Archelaus. was fallen.

into a Roman province, the other fons of Herod Philip and that Herod who was called Antipas, each of them. took upon them the adminiftration of their own tetrarchies; for when Salome died, the bequeathed to Julia, the wife of Auguftus, both her toparchy, and Jamnia, as alfe her plantation of palm-trees that were in Phafaelis*. But when the Roman empire was tranflated to Tiberius, the fon of Julia, upon the death of Auguftus, who had reigned fifty-feven years, and of the fmaller in the fecond. See the note in Havercamp's edition However, what Jofephus fays in the name of the Pharifees, that only the fouls of good men go out of one body into another, although all fouls' be immortal, and fill the fouls of the bad are liable to eternal punishment; as alio what he fays afterwards, Antiq. B. XVIII chap 63. Vol. II. that the foul's vigour is immortal, and that under the earth they receive rewards or punishments according as their lives have been virtuous or vicious in the present world; that to the bad is allotted an eternal prifon, but that the good are permitted to live again in this world, are nearly agreeable to the doctrines of Christianity. Only Jofephus's rejection of the return of the wicked into other bodies, or into this world, which he grants to the good, looks fomewhat like a contradiction to St Paul's account of the doctrine of the Jews, that they themselves allowed that there should be a refurrection of the dead, both of the juft and unjust," Acts ch. xxiv. 15. Yet because jofephus's account is that of the Pharifees, and St Paul's that of the Jews in general, and of him. felf, the contradiction is not very certain.

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We have here, in that Greek MS. which was once Alexander Petavius's, but is now in the library at Leyden, two most remarkable additions to the common copies, though deemed worth little remark by the editor; which, upon the mention of Tiberius's coming to the empire, inferts firft the famous teftimony of Jofephus concerning Jefus Chrift, as it flands verbatim in the Antiquities, B. XVIII. chap. iii. §. 3. Vol. II. with some parts of that excellent discourse or homily of Jose

fix months and two days, both Herod and Philip continued in their tetrarchies, and the latter of them built the city Cæfarea, at the fountains of Jordan, and in the reign of Paneas; as alfo the city Julias, in the lower Gaulanitis. Herod alfo built the city Tiberias in Galilee, and in Perea [beyond Jordan] another that was alfo called Julias.

2. Now Pilate, who was fent as a procurator into Judea by Tiberius, fent by night thofe images of Cæfar that are called enfigns, into Jerufalem. This excited a very great tumult a mong the Jews when it was day; for thofe that were near them were aftonifked at the fight of them, as indications that their laws were trodden under foot; for thofe laws do not permit any fort of image to be brought into the city. Nay, befides the indignation which the citizens had themselves at this procedure, a vaft number of people came running out of the country. Thefe came zealously to Pilate to Cefarea, and befought him to carry thofe enfigns out of Jerufalem, and to preferve them their ancient laws inviolable; but upon Pilate's denial of their requeft they fell down proftrate upon the ground, and continued immoveable in that posture for five days and as many nights.

3. On the next day Pilate fat upon his tribunal in the open market place, and called to him the multitude, as defirous to give them an anfwer; and then gave a fignal to the foldiers, that they should all by agreement at once encompass the Jews with their weapons; fo the band of foldiers flood round about the Jews in three ranks. The Jews were under the utmost consternation at that unexpected fight. Pilate alfo faid to them, that they should be cut in pieces, unless they would admit of Cæfar's images, and gave intimation to the foldiers to draw their naked fwords. Hereupon the Jews, as it were at one fignal, fell down in vaft numbers together, and expofed their necks bare, and cried out that they were fooner ready to be flain, than that their law fhould be tranfgreffed. Hereupon Pilate was greatly furprised at their prodigious fuperftition, and gave order that the enfigns fhould be presently carried out of Jerufalem.

4. After this he raised another disturbance, by expending that facred treasure which is called* Corban upon aqueducts, whereby he brought water from the distance of four hundred furlongs. At this the multitude had indignation; and when Pilate was come to Jerufalem, they came about his tribunal, and made a clamour at it. Now when he was apprised afore

phus concerning Hades, annexed to the work. But, what is here principally to be noted, is this, that in this homily, Jofephus, having juft mentioned Chrift, as "God the Word, and the Judge of the world, appointed by the Father," &c. adds, That he had himself elsewhere ipoken about him more hicely or particularly.",

This use of the corban, or oblation, as here applied to the facred money dedicated to God in the treafury of the temple, illuftrates our Saviour's words, Mark vii. 12, 12.

hand of this difturbance, he mixed his own foldiers in their armour with the multitude, and ordered them to conceal themselves under the habits of private men, and not indeed to ufe their fwords, but with their ftaves to beat thofe that made the clamour. He then gave the fignal from his tribunal [to do as he had bidden them). Now the Jews were lo fadly beaten, that many of them perished by the ftripes they received, and many of them perished as trodden to death by themselves; by which means the multitude was aftonished at the calamity of those that were flain, and held their peace.

5. In the mean time Agrippa, the fon of that Ariftobulus who had been flain by his father Herod, came to Tiberius, to accuse Herod the tetrarch; who not admitting of his accufation, he ftayed at Rome, and cultivated a friendfhip with others of the men of note, but principally with Caius the fon of Germanicus, who was then but a private perfon. Now this Agrippa, at a certain time, feafted Caius; and as he was very complaifant to him on feveral other accounts, he at length ftretched out his hands and openly wifhed that Tiberius might die. and that he might quickly fee him emperor of the world. This was told to Tiberius by one of Agrippa's domeftics, who thereupon was very angry, and ordered Agrippa to be bound, and had him very ill treated in the prifon for fix months, until Tiberius died, after he had reigned twenty-two years fix months and three days.

6. But when Caius was made Cæfar, he releafed Agrippa from his bonds, and made him king of Philip's tetrarchy, who was now dead; but when Agrippa had arrived at that degree of dignity, he inflamed the ambitious defires of Herod the tetrarch, who was chiefly induced to hope for the royal authority by his wife Herodias,, who reproached him for his floth, and told him that it was only because he would not fail to Cæfar, that he was deftitute of that great dignity; for fince Cæfar had made Agrippa a king, from a private perfon, much more would he advance him from a tetrarch to that dignity. These arguments prevailed with Herod, fo that he came to Caius, by whom he was punished for his ambition, by being banished into Spain; for Agrippa followed him, in order to accufe him; to whom alfo Caius gave his tetrarchy, by way of addition. So Herod died in Spain, whither his wife had followed him.

CHAP. X.

Caius Commands that his Statue Should be fet up in the Temple itfelf; and what Petronius did thereupon.

I.

NOW Caius Cæfar did fo grofsly abuse the fortune he

had arrived at, as to take himfelt to be a god, and to defire to be fo called alfo, and to cut off thofe of the greatest

nobility out of his country. He alfo extended his impiety as far as the Jews. Accordingly he fent Petronius with an army to Jerufalem, to place his ftatues in the temple, and commanded him that in cafe the Jews would not admit of them, he fhould flay thofe that oppofed it, and carry all the rest of the nation into captivity; but God concerned himself with these his commands. However, Petronius marched out of Antioch into Judea, with three legions and many Syrian auxiliaries. Now as to the Jews, fome of them could not believe the ftories that spake of a war, but thole that did be lieve them were in the utmoft diftrefs how to defend themfelves, and the terror diffufed itfelf prefently through them all; for the army was already come to Ptolemais.

2. This Ptolemais is a maritime city of Galilee, built in the great plain. It is encompaffed with mountains; that on the eaft fide fixty furlongs off, belongs to Galilee; but that on the fouth belongs to Carmel, which is diftant from it an hundred and twenty furlongs; and that on the north is the higheft of them all, and is called by the people of the country, the Ladder of the Tyrians, which is at the distance of an hundred furlongs. The very fmall river + Belus runs by it, at the distance of two furlongs; near which there is Memnon's monument, and hath near it a place no larger than an hundred cubits, which deferves admiration; for the place is found and hollow, and affords fuch fand as glass is made of, which place, when it hath been emptied by the many ships there loaded, it is filled again by the winds, which bring into it, as it were on purpose, that fand which lay remote, and was no more than bare common fand, while this mine prefently turns it into glaffy fand. And what is to me ftill more wonderful, that glaffy fand which is fuperfluous, and is once removed out of the place, becomes bare common sand as gain. And this is the nature of the place we are speaking of.

3. But now the Jews got together in great numbers with their wives and children into that plain that was by Ptolemais, and made fupplication to Petronius, firft for their laws, and, in the next place. for themfelves. So he was prevailed upon by the multitude of the fupplicants and by their fupplications, and left his army and the statues at Ptolemais, and then went forward into Galilee, and called together the multitude, and all the men of note to Tiberias, and fhewed them the power of the Romans, and the threatenings of Cæfar; and,

• Tacitus owns that Caius commanded the Jews to place his effigies in their temple, though he be mistaken when he adds, that the Jews thereupon took arms. + This account of a place near the mouth of the river Belus in Phenicia, whence came that fand out of which the ancients made their glass, is a known thing in hif tory, particularly in Tacitus and Strabo, and more largely in Fliny.

This Memnon had feveral monuments, and one of them appears, both by Strabo snd Diodorus, to have been in Syria, and not improbably in this very place,

befides this, proved that their petition was unreasonable, becaule while all the nations in fubjection to them had placed the images of Cæfar in their several cities, among the rest of their gods, for them alone to oppofe it, was almost like the behaviour of revolters, and was injurious to Cælar.

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4. And when they infifted on their law, and the custom of their country, and how it was not only not permitted them to make either an image of God, or indeed of a man, and to put it in any defpicable part of their country, much lefs in the temple itfelf; Petronius replied, And am not I alfo, faid he, bound to keep the law of my own lord? For if I tranfgrefs it, and fpare you, it is but juft that I perifh; while he that fent me, and not I, will commence a war against you; for I am under command as well as you.' Hereupon the whole multitude cried out, That" they are ready to fuffer for their law." Petronius then quitted them, and faid to them, "Will you then make war against Cæfar ?" The Jews faid, "We offer. facrifice twice every day for Cæfar, and for the Roman people; but that if he would place the images among them, he muft first facrifice the whole Jewish nation; and that they were ready to expofe themfelves, together with their children and wives, to be flain." At this Petronius was aftonished, and pitied them on account of the inexpreffible fenfe of religion the men were under, and that courage of theirs which made them ready to die for it; fo they were difmiffed with out fuccefs.

5. But on the following days he got together the men of power privately, and the multitude publicly, and fometimes he used perfuafions to them, and fometimes he gave them his advice; but he chiefly made ufe of threatenings to them, and infifted upon the power of the Romans, and the anger of Caius; and befides upon the neceffity he was himself under [to do as he was enjoined]. But as they could be no way prevailed upon, and he faw that the country was in danger of lying without tillage; for it was about feed time that the multitude continued for fitty days together idle; fo he at laft got them together, and told them, That "it was beft for him to run fome hazard himfelt; for either, by the divine affistance, I fhall prevail with Cæfar, and thall my felf efcape the danger as well as you, which will be matter of joy to us both; or, in cafe Cæfar continue in his rage, I will be ready to expofe my own life for fuch a great number as you are." Whereupon he difmiffed the multitude, who prayed greatly for his profperity; and he took the army out of Ptolemais, and returned to Antioch; from whence he prefently fent an epiftle to Cæfar, and informed him of the irruption he had made into Judea, and of the fupplications of the nation; and that unlels he had a mind to lose both the country, and the men in it, he muft permit them to keep their law, and must countermand his former injunttion. Caius answered that epiftle in a violent

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