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was coming to meet him, the other was flain by him by that very dart which he drew out of the body of the other with which he ran this man through his fide, as he was running away from him; and when he had done this, he first of all "ran out of the midst of his enemies to his own fide. So this man fignalized himself for his valour, and many there were who were ambitious of gaining the like reputation. And now the Jews were unconcerned at what they fuffered themfelves from the Romans, and were only folicitous about what mischief they could do them; and death itself seemed a fmall matter to them, if at the fame time they could but kill any one of their enemies. But Titus took care to fecure his own foldiers from harm, as well as to have them overcome their enemies. He also faid that inconfiderate violence was madness, and that this alone was the true courage, that was joined with good conduct. He therefore commanded his men to take care, when they fought their enemies. that they received no harm from them at the fame time, and thereby fhew themselves to be truly valiant men.

4. And now Titus brought one of his engines to the middle tower of the north part of the wall, in which a certain crafty Jew, whole name was Caftor, lay in ambush, with ten others like himfelt, the reft being fled away by reafon of the archers. These men lay fill for awhile, as in great fear, under their breaft-plates; but when the tower was fhaken, they arose, and Caftor did then stretch out his hand. as a petitioner, and called for Cæfar, and by his voice moved his compaffion, and beg ged of him to have mercy upon them; and Titus, in the innocency of his heart, believing him to be in earnest, and hoping that the Jews did now repent, ftopped the working of the battering-ram, and forbade them to fhoot at the petitioners, and bid Caftor say what he had a mind to fay to him. He faid that he would come down, if he would give him his right hand for his fecurity. To which Titus replied, that he was well pleafed with fuch his agreeable conduct, and would be well pleafed if all the Jews would be of his mind, and that he was ready to give the like fecurity to the city. Now five of the ten diffembled with him, and pretended to beg for mercy. while the reft cried out aloud, that they would never be flaves to the Romans, while it was in their power to die in a state of freedom. Now while thefe men were quarrelling for a long while, the attack was delayed; Caftor alfo fent to Simon, and told him that they might take fome time for confultation about what was to be done, because he would delude the power of the Romans for a confiderable time. And at the fame time that he fent thus to him, he appeared openly to exhort those that were obftinate to accept of Titus's hand for their fecurity; but they feemed very angry at it, and brandi hed their naked fwords upon the breaft-works, and ftruck themfelves upon their breaft, and fell down as if they had been flain.

Hereupon Titus, and thofe with him, were amazed at the courage of the men; and as they were not able to fee exactly what was done, they admired at their great fortitude, and pitied their calamity. During this interval, a certain perfon Thot a dart at Caftor, and wounded him in his nofe. whereupon he presently pulled out the dart, and fhewed it to Titus, and complained that this was unfair treatment: So Cæfar reproved him that shot the dart, and fent Jofephus, who then ftood by him, to give his right hand to Caftor. But Jofephus faid, that he would not go to him, because thele pretended petitioners meant nothing that was good; he also restrained thofe friends of his who were zealous to go to him. But ftill there was one Eneas, a deferter, who faid he would go to him. Caftor allo called to them, that fomebody fhould come, and receive the money which he had with him; this made Eneas the more earnestly to run to him, with his bofom open. Then did Caltor take up a great ftone, and threw it at him, which miffed him, because he guarded himfelt againft it, but ftill it wounded another foldier that was coming to him. When Cæfar understood that this was a delufion, he perceived that mercy in war is a pernicious thing, becaufe fuch cunning tricks have lefs place under the exercise of greater feverity. So he caufed the engine to work more strongly than before, on account of his anger at the deceit put upon him. But Caftor and his companions fet the tower on fire, when it began to give way, and leaped through the flame into an hidden vault that was under it, which made the Romans farther fuppose that they were men of great courage, as having caft themselves into the fire.

CHAP. VIII.

How the Romans took the Second Wall twice, and got all ready for taking the Third Wall.

§ 1. NOW

OW Cæfar took this wall there on the fifth day after he had taken the firft; and when the Jews had fled from him, he entered into it with a thousand armed men, and thofe of his choice troops, and this at a place where were the merchants of wool, the braziers, and the market for cloth, and where the narrow streets led obliquely to the wall. Wherefore, if Titus had either demolished a larger part of the wall immediately, or had come in, and, according to the law of war, had laid waste what was left, this victory would not, I fuppofe, have been mixed with any lofs to him felf. But now, out of the hope he had that he should make the Jews alhamed of their obftinacy, by not being willing, when he was able, to afflict him more than he needed to do, he did not widen the breach of the wall, in order to make a fafer retreat upon occafion; for he did not think they would lay fnares for him that did them

fuch a kindness. When, therefore, he came in, he did not permit his foldiers to kill any of thole they caught, nor to fet fire to their houses neither; nay, he gave leave to the feditious, if they had a mind to fight, without any harm to the people, and promifed to restore the people's effects to them; for he was very defirous to preferve the city for his own fake, and the temple for the fake of the city. As to the people, he had them of a long time ready to comply with his proposals; but as to the fighting men, this humanity of his feemed a mark of his weakness, and they imagined that he made these propofals because he was not able to take the reft of the city. They alfo threatened death to the people, if they fhould any one of them fay a word about a furrender. They moreover cut the throats of fuch as talked of a peace, and then attacked those Romans that were come within the wall. Some of them they met in the narrow streets, and fome they fought against from their houses, while they made a sudden fally out at the upper gates, and affaulted fuch Romans as were beyond the wall, till thofe that guarded the wall were fo affrighted, that they leaped down from their towers, and retired to their feveral camps. Upon which a great noise was made by the Romans that were within, because they were encompaffed round on every fide by their enemies; as alfo by them that were without, because they were in fear for those that were left in the city. Thus did the Jews grow more numerous perpetually, and had great advantages over the Romans, by their full knowledge of thofe narrow lanes; and they wounded a great many of them, and fell upon them, and drove them out of the city. Now these Romans were at prefent forced to make the best resistance they could, for they were not able, in great numbers, to get out at the breach in the wall, it was fo narrow. It is alfo probable that all those that were gotten within had been cut to pieces, if Titus had not fent them fuccours; for he ordered the archers to ftand at the upper ends of thele narrower lanes, and he flood himself where was the greatest multitude of his enemies, and with his darts he put a top to them; as with him did Domitius Sabinus alfo, a valiant man, and one that in this battle appeared fo to be. Thus did Cæfar continue to fhoot darts at the Jews continually, and to hinder them from coming upon his inen, and this until all his foldiers had retreated out of the city.

2. And thus were the Romans driven out, after they had poffeffed themfelves of the fecond wall. Whereupon the fighting men that were in the city were lifted up in their minds, and were elevated upon this their good fucceis, and began to think that the Romans would never venture to come into the city any more; and that, if they kept within it themselves, they should not be any more conquered. For God had blinded their minds for the tranfgreffions they had been guilty of, nor could they fee how much greater forces the Romans had VOL. HE

T

than those that were now expelled, no more than they could difcern how a famine was creeping upon them; for hitherto they had fed themselves out of the public miferies, and drank the blood of the city. But now poverty had for a long time feized upon the better part, and a great many had died already for want of neceffaries; although the feditious indeed fuppofed the deftruction of the people to be an easement to themfelves; for they defired that none others might be preserved but fuch as were against a peace with the Romans, and were refolved to live in oppofition to them, and they were pleafed when the multitude of thofe of a contrary opinion were confumed, as being then freed from an heavy burden. And this was their difpofition of mind with regard to those that were within the city, while they covered themfelves with their armour, and prevented the Romans, when they were trying to get into the city again, and made a wall of their own bodies over against that part of the wall that was caft down. Thus did they valiantly defend themselves for three days; but on the fourth day they could not fupport themselves against the vehement aflaults of Titus, but were compelled by force to fly whither they had fled before; fo he quietly poffeffed himfell again of that wall and demolished it entirely. And when he had put a garrifon into the towers that were on the fouth parts of the city, he contrived how he might affault the third wall.

CHA P. IX.

Titus, when the Jews were not at all mollified by his leaving off the Siege for a while, fet himself again to Profecute the fame;' but foon fent Jofephus to Difcourfe with his own Countrymen about Peace.

§ I.

A

RESOLUTION was now taken by Titus to relax the fiege for a little while, and to afford the feditious an interval for confideration, and to fee whether the demolishing of their fecond wall would not make them a little more compliant, or whether they were not fomewhat afraid of a famine, because the spoils they had gotten by rapine would not be fufficient for them long ; fo he made ule of this relaxation in order to compafs his own defigns. Accordingly, as the ufual appointed time when he muft diftribute fubfiftencemoney to the foldiers, was now come, he gave orders that the commanders fhould put the army into battle array, in the face of the enemy, and then give every one of the foldiers their pay. So the foldiers, according to cuftom, opened the cafes wherein their arms before lay covered, and marched with their breaft-plates on, as did the horsemen lead their horses in their fine trappings. Then did the places that were before the

city fhine very fplendidly for a great way; nor was there any thing either fo grateful to Titus's own men, or fo terrible to the enemy as that fight. For the whole old wall, and the north fide of the temple, was full of fpectators; and one might fee the houfes full of fuch as looked at them: Nor was there any part of the city which was not covered over with their multitudes; nay, a very great confternation feized upon the hardieft of the Jews themfelves, when they faw all the army in the lame place, together with the fineness of their arms, and the good order of their men. And I cannot but think that the feditious would have changed their minds at that fight, unless the crimes they had committed against the people had been fo horrid, that they defpaired of forgivenefs from the Romans; but as they believed death with torments must be their punifhment, if they did not go on in the defence of the city, they thought it much better to die in war. Fate alfo prevailed fo far over them, that the innocent were to perifh with the guilty and the city was to be deftroyed with the feditious that were .in it.

2. Thus did the Romans fpend four days in bringing this fubfiftence-money to the feveral legions. But on the fifth day, when no figns of peace appeared to come from the Jews, Titus divided his legions, and began to raise banks, both at the tower of Antonia, and at John's monument. Now, his defigns were to take the upper city at that monument, and the temple at the tower of Antonia; for if the temple were not taken, it would be dangerous to keep the city itfelf: So at each of thele parts he raifed him banks, each legion raifing one. As for thofe that wrought at John's monument, the Idumeans, and thole that were in arms with Simon, made fallies upon them, and put fome ftop to them; while John's and the multitude of Zelotes with them, did the like to thofe that were before the tower of Antonia. Thefe Jews were now too hard for the Romans, not only in direct fighting, because they ftood upon the higher ground, but becaufe they had now learned to use their own engines; for their continual ufe of them one day after another did by degrees improve their skill about them; for of one fort of engines for darts they had three hundred, and forty for ftones, by the means of which they made it more tedious for the Romans to raise their banks. But then Titus, knowing that the city would be either faved or deftroyed for himfelf, did not only proceed earne!tly in the fiege, but did not omit to have the jews exhorted to repentance; fo he mixed good counfel with his works for the ficge. And being fenfible that exhortations are frequently more effectual than arms, he perfuaded them to furrender the city, now in a manner already taken, and thereby to fave themfelves, and fent Jofephus to fpeak to them in their own language; for he imagined they might yield to the perfuafion of a country man of their own.

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