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of land about it with a wall, which land was twice as large as that before inclofed. The expences he laid out upon it were vaftly large alfo, and the riches about it were unfpeakable. A fign of which you have in the great cloifters that were erected about the temple, and * the citadel which was on its north fide. The cloifters he built from the foundation, but the citadel he repaired at a vaft expence; nor was it other than a royal palace which he called Antonia, in honour of Antony. He alfo built himtelt a palace in the upper city, containing two very large and moft beautiful apartments. To which the holy house itfelt could not be compared in largeness. The one apartment he named Cefareum, and the other Agrippium, from his [two great] friends.

2. Yet did he not preferve their memory by particular build. ings only, with their names given them, but his generofity went as far as entire cities; for when he had built a moft beautitul wall round a country in Samaria, twenty turlongs long, and had brought fix thousand inhabitants into it, and had alotted to it a molt fruitful piece of land, and in the midst of this city thus built, had erected a very large temple to Cæfar, and had laid round about it a portion of facred land of three furlongs and an half, he called the city Sebafte, trom Sebaftus or Auguftus, and fettled the affairs of the city after a most regu Jar manner.

3. And when Cæfar had further bestowed upon him another additional country, he built there alfo a temple of white marble, hard by the fountains of Jordan: The place is called Panium, where is a top of a mountain that is raised to an immenie height, and at its fide, beneath, or at its bottom, a dark cave opens itfelf; within which there is an horrible precipice, that defcends abruptly to a valt depth; it contains a mighty quantity of water, which is immoveable; and when any body lets down any thing to measure the depth of the earth beneath the water, no length of cord is fufficient to reach it. Now the fountains of Jordan rife at the roots of this cavity. outwardly; and, as fome think, this is the utmoft origin of Jordan: But we shall speak of that matter more accurately in our following history.

reckons Gaza, which had been a free city, among the cities given Herod by Au.
guftus, and yet implies that Herod had made Coftobarus a governor of it before,
Aatiq. B. XV ch. vii. fect 9
phus here contradicted himself. But perhaps Herod thought he had fufficient au-
Harduin has fome pretence for laying that Jofe
thority to put a governor into Gaza, after he was made tetrarch or king, in times of
war, before the city was entirely delivered into his hands by Auguflus.
This fort was firft built, as it is fuppofed, by John Hyrcanus
the year 207 and called Baris, the tower or citadel. It was afterwards rebuilt,
See Prid. at
with great improvements, by Herod, under the government of Antonius, and was
named from him the Tower of Antonia; and about the time when Herod rebuilt
the temple, he seems to have put his last hand to it. See Antiq. B. XVIII. ch. v.
fett. 4. vol. II. Of the war, B. I. ch. iii. fect. 4. It lay on the north west side of
the temple, and was a quarter as large.

1

4. But the king erected other places at Jericho alfo between the citadel ypros and the former palace, fuch as were better and more useful than the former for travellers. and named them from the fame friends of his. To lay all at once, there was not any place of his kingdom fit for the purpose, that was permitted to be without fomewhat that was for Cæfar's honour; and when he had filled his own country with temples, he poured out the like plentiful marks of his esteem into his province, and built many cities which he called Ce fareas.

5. And when he obferved that there was a city by the fea fide, that was much decayed (its name was Strato's tower), but that the place by the happiness of its fituation, was capable of great improvements from his liberality, he rebuilt it all with white ftone, and adorned it with feveral moft fplendid palaces, wherein he especially demonftrated his magnanimity; for the cafe was this, that all the fea thore between Dora and Joppa, in the middle, between which this city is fituated, had no. good haven, infomuch that every one that failed from Phenicia for Egypt was obliged to lie in the ftormy fea, by reafon. of the fouth winds that threatened them; which wind, if it blew but a little trefh, fuch vall waves are raised, and dafh upon the rocks, that upon their retreat the fea is in a great ferment for a long way. But the king, by the expences he was at, and the liberal difpofal of them, overcame nature, and built an haven larger than was the Pyreeum [at Athens]; and in the other retirements, of the water he built other deep ftations [for the fhips alfo].

*

6. Now although the place where he built was greatly oppofite to his purposes, yet did he fo fully ftruggle with that difficulty, that the firmnefs of his building could not eafily be conquered by the fea; and the beauty and ornament of the works was fuch, as though he had not had any difficulty in the operation: For when he had measured out as large a fpace as we have before mentioned, he let down ftones into twenty fathom water, the greatest part of which were fifty feet in length, and nine in depth, and ten in breadth, and fome ftill larger. But when the haven was filled up to that depth, he enlarged that wall which was thus already extant above the fea, till it was two hundred feet wide: One hundred of which had buildings before it, in order to break the force of the waves, whence it was called Procumafia, or the first breaker of the waves; but the rest of the fpace was under a flone wall that ran round it. On this wall were very large towers,

That Jofephus fpeaks truth, when he affures us that "the haven of this Cefae rea was made by Herod not lefs, nay rather larger than that famous haven at Athens called the Pyreeum," will appear, fays Dean Aldrich, to him who compares the defcriptions of that at Athens in Thucydides and Paufanias, with this of Cefarea in Jofephus here, and in the Antiq. B. XV, ch. ix, seft, 6. vol. II. and B. XVII. ch. ix. fect. 1. vol. II.

the principal and most beautiful of which was called Drufium from Drufus who was fon-in-law to Cæfar.

There was alfo a great number of arches, where the mariners dwelt; and all the places before them round about was a large valley, or walk, for a key for landing place] to thofe that came on fhore; but the entrance was on the north, because the north wind was there the moft gentle of all the winds At the mouth of the haven were on each fide three great Coloffi, fupported by pillars, where thofe Coloffi that are in your left hand as you fail into the port, are fupported by a folid tower, butthofe on the right hand are fupported by two upright ftones joined together, which ftones were larger than that tower which was on the other fide of the entrance. Now there were continual edifices joined to the haven, which were also themselves of white ftone; and to this haven did the narrow ftreets of the city lead and were built at equal distances one from another. And over against the mouth of the haven, upon an elevation, there was a temple for Cæfar, which was excellent both in beauty and largeness; and therein was a Coloffus of Cæfar, not lefs than that of Jupiter Olympius which it was made to refemble. The other Coloffus of Rome was equal to that of Juno at Argos. So he dedicated the city to the province, and the haven to the failors there ; but the hon our of the building he afcribed to* Cæfar, and named it Cefarea accordingly."

8 He alfo built the other edifices, the amphitheatre, and theatre, and market place, in a manner agreeable to that denomination; and appointed games every fifth year, and called them in like manner, Cafar's Games, and he first himfelf propofed the largest prizes upon the h indred ninty-fecond Olympiad; in which not only the victors themselves but thofe that came next to them, and even those that came in the third place were partakers of his royi bounty. He also rebuilt Anthedon, a city that lay on the coaft, and had been demolifhed in the wars, and named it Agrippeum. Moreover, he had to very great a kindness for his friend Agrippa, that he had his name engraven upon that gate which he had himfelt erected in the temple.

9. Herod was also a lover of his father, if any other perfon ever was fo; for he made a monument for his father,even that city which he built in the finest plain that was in his kingdom, and which had rivers and trees in abundance, and named it Antipatris. He alfo built a wall about a citadel that lay above Jericho, and was a very strong and very fine building, and dedicated it to his mother, and called it Cyprós. Moreover,

Thefe buildings of cities by the name of Caefar, and inftitution of folemn games in honour of Auguftus Caefar, as here, and in the Antiquities related of Herod by Jofephus, the Roman hiftorians atteft to, as things then frequent in the provinces of that empire, as Dean Aldrich obferves on this chapter.

he dedicated a tower that was at Jerufalem, and called it by the name of his brother Phafaelus whofe ftructure, largeness, and magnificence, we thall defcribe hereafter. He allo built another city in the valley that leads northward from Jericho, and named it Phafaelis.

10. And as he tranfmitted to eternity his family and friends, fo did he not neglected a memorial for himfelf, but built a fortress upon a mountain towards Arabia, and named it from himfelt Herodium; and he called that hill that was the shape of a woman's breaft, and was fixty furlongs diftant from Jerufalem, by the same name. He alfo bellowed much curious art upon it, with great ambition, and built round towers all about the top of it, and filled up the remaining space with the moft coftly palaces round about, infomuch, that not only the fight of the inner apartments was fplendid, but great wealth was laid out on the outward walls, and partitions, and roofs alfo. Befides this, he brought a mighty quantity of water from a great distance, and at vaft charges and raised an afcent to it of two hundred fteps of the whiteft marble, for the hill was itself moderately high, and entirely factitious. He alfo built other palaces about the roots of the hill, fufficient to receive the furniture that was put into them with his friends alfo, infomuch, ihat on account of its containing all neceffaries, the fortrefs might feem to be a city, but by the bounds it had, a palace only,

11. And when he had built fo much, he thewed the greatnefs of his foul to no fmall number of foreign cities. He built places for exercife at Tripoli, and Damafcus, and Ptolemais; he built a wall about Byblus, as alfo large rooms, and cloisters, and temples and market places at Bery tus and Tyre, with theatres at Sidon and Damafcus. He alfo built aqueducts for thofe Laodiceans who lived by the fea fide; and for thofe of Afcalon be, built baths and coftly fountains, as alfo cloifters round a court, that were admirable, both for their workmanship and largenefs. Moreover, he dedicated groves and meadows to fome people; nay, not a few cities there were who had lands of his donation, as it they were parts of his own kingdom. He also beftowed annual revenues, and thole for ever alfo, on the fettlements for exercises, and appointed for them, as well as for the people of Cos, that fuch rewards thoud never be wanting. He alfo gave corn to all fuch as wanted it, and conferred upon Rhodes large fums of money for building fhips, and this he did in many places, and fre quently alfo. And when Apollo's temple had been burnt

* There were two cities or citadels, called Herodiums in Judea, and both mentioned by Jofephus, not only here, but Antiq. B XIV ch xiii fect. 9. B. XV. ch ix fect. 6 vol. II. Of the War, B I ch. xiii fect. 8 B. II1 ch. iii fet. 5. One of them was 200, and the other 60 furlongs diftant from Jerufalem. One of them is mentioned by Pliny. Hift. Nat. B. V. chap. xiv, as Dean Aldrich obferves here.

down, he rebuilt it at his own charges, after a better manner than it was before. What need I fpeak of the prefents he made to the Lycians and Samnians? or of his great liberality through all Ionia ? and that according to every body's wants of them. And are not the Athenians, and Lacedemonians, and Nicopolitans, and that Pergamus which is in Myfia, full of donations that Herod prefented them withal? And as for that large open place belonging to Antioch in Syria, did not he pave it with polifhed marble, though it were twenty furlongs long? and this when it was fhunned by all men before, because it was full of dirt and filthiness, when he befides adorned the fame place with a cloifter of the fame length.

12. It is true, a man may say these were tavours peculiar to those particular places, on which he beftowed his benefits; but then what favours he bestowed on the Eleans was a donation not only in common to all Greece, but to all the habitable earth, as far as the glory of the Olympic games reached. For when he perceived that they were come to nothing, for want of money, and that the only remains of ancient Greece were in a manner gone, he not only became one of the combatants in that return of the fifth year games, which in his failing to Rome he happened to be prefent at, but he fettled upon them revenues of money for perpetuity,infomuch that his memorial as a combatant there can never fail. It would be an infinite task if I fhould go over his payments of peoples debts, or tributes for them, as he ea ed the people of Phafælus, of Batanea, and of the fmall cities about Cilicia, of those annual penfions they before paid. However, the fear he was in much difturbed the greatness of his foul, least he should be exposed to envy, or feem to hunt after greater things than he ought, while he bestowed more liberal gifts upon these cities, than did their owners themselves.

13. Now Herod had a body fuited to his foul, and was ever a moft excellent hunter, where he generally had good fuccefs, by the means of his great skill in riding horfes; for in one day, he caught forty wild beasts: That country breeds alfo bears, and the greateft part of it is replenished with flags, and wild affes. He was alfo fuch a warrior as could not be with flood: Many men therefore there are who have flood amazed at his readinefs in his exercifes, when they law him. throw the javelin directly forward, and to fhoot the arrow upon the mark. And then befides thele performances of his, depending on his own ftrength of mind and body, fortune wast alfo very favourable to him; for he feldom failed of fuccefs in his wars; and when he failed, he was not himself the occafion of fuch failings, but he either was betrayed by fome, or the rashness of his own foldiers procured his defeat.

Here feems to be a small defect in the copies, which defcribe the wild leafts which were hunted in a certain country by Herod, without naming any fuch co untry at all.

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