had been chosen in the room of Collatinus, and in the battle which ensued Brutus was killed.-Tytler.

He had lost his wife, while he was governor of the Lionnese Gaul.-Gibbon.

169. The Future Tense, I shall or will love, indicates that the action is yet to take place. The English language is superior to most others in having two auxiliaries to express futurity, but each having a secondary idea peculiar to itself. The common distinction laid down between shall and will is sufficiently correct, though it may be doubted whether it has been strictly observed by any class of writers. In the first person, shall simply foretells, while will threatens or promises; but in the second and third persons, will simply foretells, while shall promises or threatens. We transcribe the following note from that most excellent grammar, Ruddiman's Rudiments. "Shall and will are thus distinguished by Mr Brightland,

In the first person, simply shall foretells:
In will a threat or else a promise dwells.
Shall in the second and the third does threat;
Will simply, then, foretells the future fate.

By Mr Turner thus:- Will imports the will or purpose of the person it is joined with; shall implies the will of another, who promises or threatens to do the thing, or cause it to be done, permits it, commands it, or the like."

170. The correct use of shall and will is shown in the following sentences:

The spirit of my father grows strong in me, and I will no longer endure it. He that escapes me without some broken limb shall acquit him well.-Charles, I thank thee for thy love to me, which thou shalt find I will most kindly requite.-Shakspeare.

The only book that I shall mention is Burnet's "History of the Reformation."-Hallam.

By this process we shall be enabled to estimate the depth and richness of an historian's knowledge.—Arnold.

But a torrent, imprudently resisted, will, in time, acquire that impetuous force which carries every thing before it.-Tytler.

The writer of this discourse will feel himself happy should his example stimulate any of his brethren.-Hall.

The life of a solitary man will certainly be miserable, but not certainly devout.-Johnson.

If the fanaticism of religion have devastated kingdoms, the fanaticism of irreligion will pass as a deluge of blood over the field of the civilized world.-Taylor's Man Responsible, &c.

Yes, my son, I will point out the way, and my soul shall guide yours in the ascent, for we will take our flight together.-Goldsmith. Rome shall perish-write that word

In the blood that she has spilt ;

171. It has been often asserted that Scotch writers misapply the auxiliaries shall and will; but if any one take the trouble to investigate the matter, he will find that this is a mistake to which the best English writers are about equally liable. Even Shakspeare, perhaps the most idiomatic writer of the English tongue, confounds shall and will occasionally; Milton often; and in Hallam and Wordsworth we meet with frequent errors in this respect. We shall subjoin a few sentences from English writers, in which they are wrongly used. Let the pupil correct the errors.

Theocritus, in an epigram, which shall be cited in the next note, dedicates myrtles to Apollo.-Warton's Milton.

An extract from Mr Hallam shall close the present section and introduce the next.-Latham's English Language.

Here, then, the present introductory course of lectures shall close.-Arnold.

Now, in an inquiry into the credibility of history, the first question which we will consider is, &c.-Arnold.

* *

I will not resist, therefore, whatever it is, &c., but will forthwith set down, &c. Brief I shall endeavour to be, &c. I shall detain you no longer, but conduct you, &c. where I will point you out, &c.-Milton.

We shall now proceed to mention some of the most famous. I will begin with a passage of very considerable beauty.—

*

Hallam.

I will now for a moment go over to the position of an opponent, and state his argument for him.-Taylor's Man Responsible, &c. By the fleet racers, ere the sun be set,

The turf of yon large pasture will be skimmed ;
There, too, the lofty wrestlers shall contend.

Wordsworth.

172. The Future Perfect Tense, I shall have loved, im

plies that the action expressed by the verb will be completed before something else, also future, take place.

It must be clear that, in giving to the popular part of our constitution a more extended and intimate contact with the people at large, a step has been taken, which, when tried by the event,— whether it shall have proved a step in advance towards a higher and purer form of civil liberty, or, in a retrograde sense, towards license and its necessary consequence, arbitrary power,—will take its character from what I have called the capacity of a nation for liberty.-Sir J. F. W. Herschel.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

173. Present Tense, if I love, indicates doubt,—not, however, that the doubt is expressed by the form of the verb. If indicates the doubt.

If he steal aught, the whilst this play is playing, And 'scape detecting, I will pay the theft. Shakspeare. 174. Past Tense, if I loved, indicates past time and doubt or supposition, as before.

If the embodied critics of France, when fifty years had been spent upon their work, were obliged to change its economy, and give their second edition another form, I may surely be contented, &c.-Johnson.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

175. Present Tense, I may or can love, denotes power, liberty, or capacity to do something.

It may repress the triumph of malignant criticism to observe, &c.-Johnson.

176. Past Tense, I might or could love, expressing the same primary idea, connotes past time.

I could a tale unfold.-Shakspeare.

The patience of the reader would be exhausted by the repetition of the same hostilities.-Gibbon.

177. The Perfect Potential, I may have loved, indicates the present possibility of some action having been performed at some time past. "He may have been here, but I did not see him."

Possibly Brucker may not have proved the wiser historian for having known a little of recent theories-Hallam.

178. The Pluperfect, I might have loved, indicates the past possibility of some action having been performed.

In the prodigious increase of books on the Continent of late years, many have been overlooked from which I might have improved these volumes.-Hallam.

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179. We have given these as specimens of the compound tenses. It would not be easy to exhaust the subject, nor is it necessary to attempt it. The same definitions would apply to the whole of the passive voice, but it would be a vain repetition" to explain them again. Grammarians are by no means agreed as to the names by which to designate these tenses, and we do not look upon the subject as one of such importance as to require or even justify much discussion. Whatever benefit in the way of mental discipline is to be secured by acquiring a mastery over the compound tenses of the verb, may be secured by the plan which we shall presently develop-of parsing by groups. But before attempting this, the student must accustom himself to parse words more minutely than he has yet been required to do,-not merely referring every word to its class, but stating what inflection it has undergone, and how it stands related to other words.

INFLECTION OF ADVERBS.

180. Adverbs, for the most part, admit no modification or inflection: a few, however, are compared like adjectives. Some are Regular, as—

181. As an example of the sort of parsing to which I refer (179), I subjoin the following analysis of a sentence from Bacon :

"A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground where it must first fill a pool."

A, a numeral adjective, qualifying the noun life. It is commonly called the indefinite article.

Single, an attributive adjective, designating the noun life. It cannot be compared. (123.)

Life, a noun, singular number, neuter gender, and the nominative case, because it is the thing of which something is asserted. The plural of life is lives. (86.)

Doth, a verb, because it asserts something of the noun life: it is in the present tense, indicative mood, and the third person singular, to agree with its noun life. Doth is now almost obsolete, does being the word in common use. The verb To Do is conjugated thus: Present Tense, Do; Past, Did; Perfect Participle, Done. (157.) Well, an adverb, expressing how " a single life doth." Well is in the positive degree, and is compared thus :-Positive, Well; Comparative, Better; Superlative, Best. (180.)

With, a preposition, used in a metaphorical sense to connect churchmen with single life.

Churchmen, a noun plural, masculine, and the objective; being the object shown to be related to something else by the preposition with. The singular is churchman. All nouns, it should be remembered, are of the third person. (89.)

For, a conjunction, connecting the clause that follows with the one which went before.

Charity, a noun, being primarily the name of a disposition of mind, and secondarily of the course of action resulting from that disposition; singular, neuter, and the nominative to the verb will. Will, a verb, present tense, singular number, and third person, to agree with charity. (169.)

Hardly is an adverb of degree, qualifying the verb water.

Water is a verb in the infinitive mood. To, the sign of the infinitive, is suppressed after a great number of verbs, and will is one of them. Will is a defective verb, and is conjugated thus:-Present Tense, Will; Past Tense, Would. (160.)

The, a numeral adjective, or definite article, qualifying the noun ground.

Ground, a noun, singular, neuter, and the objective, being the thing which is affected by the verb water.

Where is of the nature of a conjunction, since it unites the two members of the last clause; but it also has in it the force of an adverb, being equivalent to in the case in which. We may therefore call it a conjunctive adverb.

It is a personal pronoun, singular, neuter, and third person, sup