while lying on his back, and then firing with such care and precision as to kill and wound many of the rebel party. ROBERT BLAKE.-Contraband1 U. S. S. Marblehead, in engagement

with the rebel batteries on Stone River, December 25, 1862, serving as a powder boy, displayed extraordinary courage, alacrity and intelligence in the discharge of his duty under trying circumstances and merited the admiration of all.

CLEMENT DEES.-Seaman on the Pontoosuc. Cape Fear River, N. C., Dec. 24, 1864. Personal valor.

JOSEPH B. NEIL.-Seaman, U. S. S. Powhatan. Norfolk, Virginia, Dec. 26, 1873. Saved Boatswain J. G. Walton from drowning. 'JOACHIM PEASE.—Seaman, The Kearsage, in action with Alabama off Cherbourg, France, June 19, 1864. For marked coolness and good conduct during the engagement.

DANIEL ATKINS.-Ship's cook (first-class) Torpedo Boat Cushing. Feb. 11, 1898. Saved from drowning Lieut. Joseph C. Breckenbridge.

ROBERT PENN.-Fireman (first-class) the Iowa. Guantanamo, Cuba. He hauled the fires of two boilers while standing on a board thrown across a coal bucket above one foot of boiling water, and while the water was still blowing from the boiler under 120 pounds' pressure.

APPENDIX H

THE FREEDMEN'S BANK

The Freedmen's Savings and Trust Co. was a corporation chartered by Congress, March 3, 1865. It proposed the establishment of a central bank in Washington, with branches at different centers in the South for the deposits of the lately emancipated class. There had been army banks for the deposits of the freedmen in some of the military divisions. These gave the suggestion for the organization of the corporation.

During the nine years in which it was in operation with thirty-four branches, it "received in the aggregate deposits amounting to $57,000,000 1 Slave who had escaped to the Union forces, not an enlisted man.

and taking hold of the earnings of more than 70,000 depositors." To safeguard its funds the original policy to invest deposits only in Government bonds commended itself to citizens other than the Negro; accordingly many whites deposited.

The first misstep was when in May, 1870, the charter was amended so that instead of requiring two-thirds of the deposits to be invested exclusively in United States securities, one-half was subject to investment at the discretion of the trustees "in bonds or notes secured by mortgage on real estate in double the value of the loan." There were, however, no penal clauses providing for the infidelity or bad faith of the officers. Neither were the trustees required to invest any money in the enterprise nor was any bond imposed upon them except in a few limited cases.

The trustees construed the discretion given them to permit the transaction of a general banking business, and immense sums were loaned on worthless securities. Following the panic of 1873, the bank by a vote of the board of trustees was closed. By special act of Congress its affairs were placed in the hands of three commissioners. The affairs of the bank occupied a conspicuous place in the political campaigns to the purport that the Negro had been robbed right under the eye of the Government by men, many of them agents of the Freedmen's Bureau and leaders of the Republican Party in the South.

Two Congressional investigations probed the affairs of the bank. That of the Senate by a committee of which B. K. Bruce was chairman, simplified the machinery and decreased the expense of winding up its affairs.

At the time of the closing of the bank there were due to depositors $2,999,214.33, less special depositors $35,224.22, making subject to dividends $2,963,990.11 of which 61 per cent have been declared.

APPENDIX I

PRUDENCE CRANDALL INCIDENT

Prudence Crandall in 1833 admitted a colored girl as a student to her Girls' Boarding School at Canterbury, Conn. Notwithstanding opposition by whites to her retention Miss Crandall refused to ex

clude her, and on the withdrawal of white patronage she defiantly opened a school for colored girls. This intensified opposition and caused the enactment of a law making such a school illegal under penalty of fine and imprisonment. Miss Crandall was arrested, tried, convicted and sentenced. She refused to pay the fine or permit friends to do so. She was thrust into jail, but was subsequently released.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Libraries consulted: Hampton, Virginia, Institute, Howard University, Library of Congress, Public Library, Washington, D. C.

Allen, William G.............

American Historical Record I..

Anderson, Osborn, P. B....... Voice from Harper's Ferry, Pamphlet Anglo-African Magazine, N. Y. Vol. I, 1859