in the latter country as Ululai: a name represented by the Ilulaios of the Ptolemaic Canon. The successor of Shalmaneser IV. was Sargon, the "king of Assyria whose attack upon Ashdod is mentioned by Isaiah, and in whose reign the final capture of Samaria and destruction of the kingdom of Israel took place; and Sargon appears to have also borne the name of Jareb; for it can hardly be another who is thus alluded to by the prophet Hosea :

"When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound, then went Ephraim to the Assyrian, and sent to king Jareb: yet could he not heal you, nor cure you of your wound."

And again:

:

:

"The inhabitants of Samaria shall fear because of the calves of Beth-aven for the people thereof shall mourn over it, and the priests thereof that rejoiced on it, for the glory thereof, because it is departed from it.

"It shall be also carried unto Assyria for a present to king Jareb: Ephraim shall receive shame, and Israel shall be ashamed of his own counsel.

"As for Samaria, her king is cut off as the foam upon the water."

A few verses further on, Hosea speaks of the immediate predecessor of Sargon, using the abbreviated form of his name :

"Therefore shall a tumult arise among thy people, and all thy fortresses shall be spoiled, as Shalman spoiled Beth-arbel in the day of battle the mother was dashed in pieces upon her children."

Another instance of the double names borne by kings of Assyria is that of Ashurbanipal, or Sardana* See Professor Sayce in "Babylonian and Oriental Records," II., No. 1, p. 18 ff.

palus, who appears as Kandalanu on the Babylonian contract tablets, and as Kineladanos in the Canon of Ptolemy. Among the Israelites the same peculiarity occurs, for Solomon was called Jedidiah, and Gideon Jerubbaal.

The "Babylonian Chronicle," which has just been mentioned, was written upon the clay tablet which we now possess in the twenty-second year of Darius Hystaspis, king of Persia, and is a copy from an older original. It gives the names of the kings who ruled over Babylon from Nabonassar to Shamash-shum-ukin, the Saosduchinos of Ptolemy, and the brother of Sardanapalus, who afterwards put him to death; the length of each reign is carefully given, and various events of importance are noted from time to time. The wars and revolutions which took place are recorded, and the chronicler is careful to note when the images of the gods were carried off from such or such a city, and when they were brought back by a change of fortune. Among the political events, it is interesting to find the murder of Sennacherib by his son, in accordance with the statement of Isaiah and the Second Book of Kings.

Among the stories told by the Greek writer Ælian to show the intelligence of animals and birds is the following: An ancient king of Babylon, named Sevechoros, was warned by the priests that the offspring of his daughter would be a source of danger to himself. He therefore shut her up in a lofty tower, to which none but the guardian had access, and when her child

was born he gave orders that it should be put to death. The officer who was charged with this task threw the infant out of the topmost window of the tower, that it might be dashed to pieces through falling from so great a height. But an eagle which was flying past received the falling child upon its outspread wings and carried him to a place of safety, where he grew up, and whence he issued in after-days to become king instead of his grandfather. The name of the child was Gilgamos.

When the name of the Chaldæan hero, hitherto provisionally read as Gisdubar, was found by Mr. Pinches to have been pronounced Gilgamesh-at least by the later Babylonians-Professor Sayce at once recognised the identity of this name with the Gilgamos of Elian, and thus arrived at some idea of the date assigned by the ancient historians upon the banks of the Euphrates to the hero of their legend; for Sevechoros, the grandfather of Gilgamos, is evidently the same as the Sevechoos who appeared in the work of Berosus as the first king after the Flood, and one of the mythical princes who preceded the Median dynasty.

The new reading of this name, Gisdubar, as Gilgamesh, was found on a fragment of a clay tablet, inscribed with a portion of a syllabary explaining the pronunciation of various words. Everyone feels an interest in the Babylonian hero, Gisdubar or Gilgamesh, for he is the subject of the great series of legends which formed a sort of Babylonian epic, and contained the history of the Flood, the events of which are narrated to Gisdubar by Adra-khasis or Xisuthrus, the Babylonian