Of the AUXILIARY OF HELPING VERBS. M. What do you mean by auxiliary Verbs ? S. They are fuch Verbs as help or assist other Verbs, by being placed before them. M. Name the helping Verbs? S. The helping Verbs are thefe, do, doft, does, or doth, did, didft, have, haft, has, or hath, had, hadft, will, wilt, fhall, fhalt, may, mayeft, can, canft, might, mightest, would, wouldeft, fhould, fhouldeft, could, couldeft, ought, oughteft, let, am, are, is, was, were, be, and been. M. What do you obferve in the use of these helping Verbs? S. Have, am, and be, are called perfect helping Verbs, and the others are called defective helping Verbs. M. Are not have, am, and be, of great use in the English Tongue? S. Certainly they are; for they supply the defects of other Verbs, and make the fentence complete, by coming after them, or going before them; otherwise these Verbs would be deficient in the preter Tenfe and in the passive Participle. M. Have these helping Verbs any perfonal Pronouns before them? or in what manner are they commonly used? S. The helping Verbs, have, am, and be, have Personal Pronouns before them: As, I have, I am; or, we have, ye are, or we be; they are, or they be, &c. M. Then I perceive, are and be may be used indifferently in the Plural; may they not? S. In general they may; as we be honest Men, is the fame as, we are honeft men; but it is lefs modern. See Table XI. M. But are not these helping Verbs used without Pronouns S. The Verbs have and be have often the word to before them; but am and are never have; for we often say, to have; to be; or to have been; or to be burned, &c. Master. TABLE VI. Of PARTICIPLES. THAT is a Participle? WHAT Scholar. A Participle is a Part of Speech formed of, or derived from, a Verb, and fignifies being, doing, or fuffering, as the Verb does. M. How many Participles are there? S. Only two; the Active and the Paffive Participle. S. By ending in ing, and it is formed by adding that Syllable to the Verb itself: thus, from the Verbs to love, to walk, to burn, to create, &c. come the active Participles, loving, walking, burning, creating, &c. M. How is the paffive Participle formed? S. In all regular Verbs, it is no other than the preter Tenfe of the Verb itself, fignifying fomething done or finifhed, and ends in d, or ed, as follows. Regular VERBs and their PARTICIPLES. Prefent Tenfe Preter Tenfe To love loved turn turned create, &c. created, &c. Paffive Participles loved created, &c. Active Participles loving turning creating, &c. M. Is the paffive Participle always fo eafily known? S. No; for in Irregular Verbs it often ends in t or n, and is quite different from the Preter Tenfe, as follows: Irregular VERBS, with their PARTICIPLES. Prefent Tenfe Paffive Participle To blow blew blown fall fell fallen eat, &c. ate, &c. eaten, &c. More Irregular VERBS,-To Read, &c. Present Tenfe, I read. Preter Tenfe, I read (pronounced red), or did read. Paffive Participle, read, viz, have read, or done reading. N. B. Here you see the Verb itself (to read) is not only the fame in the prefent Tenfe, but alfo in the paffive Participle. M. How is the whole Paffive Voice made? S. When the Helping Verbs, have, am, be, &c. are joined to the Participle, they make up or complete the Paffive Voice; as, I am loved, you are permitted, he is carried, we are burned, we have been burni, &c. M. Are not fome Participles used as Adjectives ? S. Yes, often fo; as a learned Prince, a loving Husband, a charming Child, &c. Here follows a Collection of fome irregular Verbs, with their Paffive Participles, very neceffary to be known, in order to speak good English, PRESENT PRETER PASSIVE PRETER PASSIVE Tense. Participle. PRESENT knew known PRESENT PRETER PASSIVE PRESENT PRETER PASSIVE Tense. Tense. Participle. Tenfe. Tenfe. Participle. TABLE VII. Of ADVERBS. M. WHAT S. An Adverb is a Part of Speech joined sometimes to a Verb, to an Adjective, or to à Participle. M. How are Adverbs formed? S. Adverbs ending in ly, are formed from Adjectives; as from wife, fwift, prudent, &c. come wifely, swiftly, pru dently, &c. M. Do all Adverbs end in ly ? S. No, for there are many more, as follow: viz. already -always-as-afunder-by and by-upwards-downwards-here-hereafter--heretofore--hitherto how much -peradventure-rather-feldom-then-thence-hence to-morrow forth-thenceforth-there-thither-to-day -where-whither-whence-while- whilst - yea-yea yesterday-yesternight. M. How are Adverbs joined to Adjectives? S. Thus, He loves [ncerely]; they act prudently, &c. M. How are they joined to a Participle? A. Thus, He is a Man [fincerely] ftriving to do his Duty, &c. M. Do two Adverbs never follow one another directly? M. Are not Adverbs fometimes compared like Adjectives? S. Yes; but more particularly fuch as end in ly; as swiftly, more swiftly, moft fwiftly, &c. TABLE VIII. of CONJUNCTIONS. M.THAT is a Conjunction? WH S. A Conjunction is a Part of Speech that joins Sentences together. M. Name fome of the principal Conjunctions S. They are as follow; and, as, or, but, for, nor, not, also, if, although, because, either, except, however, likewise, morover, namely, nevertheless, otherwise, save, since, that, therefore, thereupon, unless, whereas, wherefore, &c. M. Give me an Exambie of the Conjunctions and and but. S. I have both. Wie and Ale; or, 1 have good Bread, Cheese, ana Butter, but neither Meat, Fish, nor Fowls. ON TABLE IX. Of PREPOSITIONS. M.XXTHAT are Prepofitions? WHAT S. Prepofitions are certain Words joined to other Words, yet different from the Conjunctions, for they are fometimes feparate as well as joined. M. Have they a different Name then? S. Yes; thofe Prepofitions that ftand feparate are called Prepofitions by Appofition; and thofe joined to the Noun are called Prepofitions of Compofition. M. What are the Prepofitions of Appofition? S. They are thefe: above, below, beneath, about, after, againft, among, among ft, at, before, between, betwixt, beyond, by, in, through, into, on, upon, out, out of, on this side, on that fide, over, under, up, to, with, within, withM How are they used? [out, &c. S. They generally come before the Noun, or if the Noun is left out, it is fignified thus: Beneath the earth; above the Wood; after Supper, &c. Or thus: Peter was without, but I was within: that is, Peter was out of Doors, or out of the Place, but I was in the place, &c. M. Name fome of the Prepofitions of Compofition? S. They are as follow, viz. ad, en, un, up, after, out, dis,mis, &c. which, being joined to other words, compofe them, and therefore are called Prepofitions of Composition. Thus, un, joined to done, is undone; dif, joined to grace, is difgrace; and mif, joined to chief, or fortune, become Mischief and Misfortune. TABLE X. of INTERJECTION S. M.TXTHAT is an Interjection ? WH S. Interjections are certain words, ufed to declare the fudden Paffions, Motions, or Tranfports of the Mind; either by being surprised over-much; or by doubting, jefting, wondering, &c. and generally have a Note of Admiration after them. M. How many forts of Interjections are there? S. They may all be comprehended in these two Sorts, viz. folitary or paffive, focial or alive. M. Which are the folitary Interjections ? S. Thefe: O! Oh! Ah! alas! heigh! hey-day! hark! fie! O fie! O brave! O strange! good Sir! Sirrah! hush! pish! Woe! M. Which are the focial Interjections? S. They denote crying out in a fofter Manner, and feem to express Love; as, Ho! brave Boys! Soho! And fometimes command; as, Here you, Woman! And fometimes neither; as, ha! hal hush! filence! behold! pr'ythee! &c PART III. Contains a felect Collection of Words of two, three, and four Syllables, accented, explained, and divided into three dif tinct Claffes, for the more ready and eafy understanding the three principal Parts of Speech, viz. Subftantives, Adjectives, and Verbs; being a useful Pocket Companion for fuch as would understand what they read and write. TABLE I. Nouns Subftantives of two Syllables, accented and explained.—The Accents are the fame, till altered by this Mark (') on the con. trary Syllable. N.B. If you cannot find the Words of two Syllables in this Table, look in the two next Tables amongst the Adjectives, or Verbs. Subftantives fhould be written with a Capital Letter. AB-BESS, a Governess of an Bil-low, a Wave Abbey Ab-bey, a Monastery Bank-er, a trader in Money Bi-shop, Head of the Clergy But-tress, a Prop or Pillar |