GLOSSARY OF TERMS TERMS AND PHRASES. AI. In Lloyd's Register of Shipping (q.v.), indicates, to shippers and insurers, a first-class vessel, thoroughly equipped. A refers to hull, Hence A 1, in slang, I to anchor, cables, etc. = first-rate. 1. = island in the sea, river, as in Gret-a, aha, Goth. ahva, -a, -ay. Norse suffix. as in Staff-a, Colons-ay. 2. Rattray. [A. S. ea, O.H.G. L. aqua, water.] (-ea; ey.) Ab. Eleventh month of civil, fifth of ecclesiastical, Jewish year; July-August. A.B. (Naut.), i.e. able-bodied; a first-rate, as distinguished from an ordinary, seaman. Aback. (Naut.) Position of sails when the wind bears on their front. They are Taken or Laid A. by accident or design respectively. Abacot. A spurious word, given in all dictionaries, and said to mean "a cap of State, wrought up into the shape of two crowns, worn formerly by English kings." But both word and thing are delusions. The true word, Bycocket [O.Fr. bicoquet, the peak of some kind of lady's head-dress], not uncommon up to and after 1500, after undergoing a series of corruptions, appears Abacot,' in Spelman's Glossarium (1664) as with the above explanation; whence it has been copied from one dictionary into another ever since. Its primitive meaning probably survives in the Sp. bicoquin, a cap with two points. As Henry V. on his bassinet at Agincourt, and as Richard on his helmet at Bosworth, wore a gold crown; so Henry VI. (crowned King of England and of France) wore at Hedgley Moor two crowns upon his bycocket-but in no sense as part of it. (See Dr. Murray's Letter to the Athenæum, February 4, 1882.) Abacus. [L., Gr. &ßak, áßakos, a table, slab.] 1. The tablet on the top of the capital of a column, which supports the entablature. 2. With Greeks and Romans, a wooden tray for arith ABBE metical computation; divided by parallel lines, and having in the spaces pebbles, representing units, tens, etc. Similarly, 3, a framework with parallel wires, strung with beads, to render calculations palpable, used in infant schools; and by the Chinese, with whom all calculations of weights, measures, etc., are decimal. -abad. [Hind., dwelling.] Part of names; as in Hyder-abad, the abode of Hyder; Murshedabad, etc. Abaddon. [Heb., the destroyer.] Name for the angel of the bottomless pit, Rev. ix. 11; in Milton, the pit itself. (Apollyon.) Abaft (prefix a, i.e. on, and -baft, i.e. by aft). (Naut.) Behind the object mentioned. Freedom from restraint, Abandon. [Fr.] careless ease of manner. Abandonment. (Naut.) By a written notice, conveys to the underwriters an insured ship, when a "constructive total loss," i.e. so damaged that repair would cost more than she is worth. À bas le, les. [Fr.] Down with. Ab assuētis non fit injuria [Leg. L., wrong does not arise from what one is accustomed to], i.e. one has no claim at law in respect of a nuisance or damage which has been long borne without complaint. Abătis. [Fr.] (Mil.) An obstacle formed of trees felled [Fr. abattu]; their stems being placed close together in the ground, with the ends of the branches sharpened and pointed towards an enemy. Abattoir. [Fr. abattre, to knock down.] A public slaughter-house. A battúta. [It., at the beat.] (Mus.) Revert to strict time. Abb. [A.S. ab, and ob.] Yarn of a weaver's warp. Abbasides. (Hist.) Caliphs of Bagdad (7491258), claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. To this line belonged Haroun-alRaschid, contemporary of Charlemagne. Abbé. [Fr.] A word applied not only to the abbots or heads of conventual houses, but to all persons vested with the ecclesiastical habit (Littré). Before the French Revolution, many such men rose to eminence in the world of letters and fashion. The A. commendataires, nominated by the king, drew one-third of the revenues of their abbeys, as sinecurists. Abbot of Joy. [Fr. Abbé de Liesse, L. Abbas Latitia.] A master of revels, formerly, in some French towns. Abbot of Misrule. In Med. Hist., the master of the revels; called in Scotland the Abbot of Unreason (see Sir W. Scott's Monastery). (Boy Bishop, The; Feast of Fools; Saturnalia.) Abbot of the People. Formerly a chief magistrate among the Genoese. Abbots, Mitred. In Eng. Hist., twenty-four in number, ecclesiastical dignitaries, who held of the king in capite per baroniam, and sat and voted in the House of Lords. Abbreviations, Symbols, etc. [Eccl. L. abbrěvĭātio, -nem, a shortening.], Chr., is an A., 1, for xpnoróv, excellent (Chrestomathy); and, later, 2, for Xplorós, Christ. LXX., Septuagint; A.U.C., ab urbe condĭtā, in the year from the building of Rome; S. P.Q. R., senātus popŭlusque Romānus, the senate and people of Rome; S.D., sălutem dicit, sends greeting; D.D.D., dōno dědit, dicavit, gave, dedicated, as a gift; D.O.M., Deo Optimo Maximo, to God, the Best, the Greatest; M.S., memoriæ sacrum, sacred to the memory of; H.S. E., hic sepultus (situs) est, here is buried; R.I.P., requiescat in pace, may he rest in peace; S.T.T.L., sit tibi terra lěvis, light be the earth upon thee; I.H.C. and I.H.S. are the first three letters, I, H, (I, E, S)-which last was at one time written very like our Cin the Greek IнZOTE, Jesus; A.S., anno sălūtis, in the year of our salvation, = anno Domini; B.V.M., beata Virgo Maria, the blessed Virgin Mary; S.J., of the Society of Jesus. Astronomy: 1. Members of the solar system The Sun;, the Moon;, Mercury; 9, Venus; or, the Earth; 8, Mars; 2, Jupiter; h, Saturn; H, the Georgian. 2. Signs of the Zodiac: 1. T, Aries, o; 2. 8, Taurus, 30°; 3. II, Gemini, 60°; 4., Cancer, 90°; 5. N, Leo, 120°; 6. m, Virgo, 150°; 7. , Libra, 180°; 8. m, Scorpio, 210°; 9. 1, Sagittarius, 240°; 10. V, Capricornus, 2700; II. ***, Aquarius, 300°; 12. ✯, Pisces, 330°. 3. Other symbols are: 6, conjunction;, quadrature; 8, opposition; 8, ascending node; 8, descending node. In Bishops' signatures: Cant. or Cantuar. is Cantuariensis, of Canterbury; Ebor., Eborǎcensis, of Eborăcum or Éburăcum, York; Dunelm., Dunelmensis, of Durham; Winton., Wintoniensis, of Wintonia, Winchester; Sarum, of New Sarum, i.e. Salisbury; Vigorn., Vigornensis, of Worcester; Oxon., Oxoniensis, of Oxford; Exon., Exoniensis, of Exeter; Roffen., Roffensis, of Rochester; Cicestr., Cicestrensis, of Chichester; Menev., sometimes, for Menevensis, of Menevia, now St. David's. Similarly, Cantab., Cantabrigiensis, of Cambridge; Eblan., Eblanensis, of Eblana, Dublin. Ch. Ch. is Christ Church; C.C.C., Corpus Christi College, Oxford; F.T.C.D., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. S.P.G., S.P.C.K., C.M.S., A.C.S., are the Societies : | for Propagation of the Gospel, for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Church Missionary, Additional Curates'; E.C.U., English Church Union; A.P.U.C., Association for Promoting Unity of Christendom. Botany, male; 9, female;, hermaph. or bisexual; , polygamous;, dioecious; , monoecious; or O, annual; or ♂, biennial; 2, perennial; h, a tree or shrub; v. v., visum vivum, seen alive; v.s., siccum, seen in a dried state; v.c., cultum, seen cultivated; v.sp., sporădĭcum or spontāneum, seen wild. Chemistry: The chemical symbol for aluminium is Al; for silver [L. argentum], Ag; arsenic, As ; gold [L. aurum], Au; boron, B; bărium, Ba; bismuth, Bi; bromine, Br, carbon, C; calcium, Ca; cadmium, Cd; cerium, Ce; chlorine, Cl; cobalt, Co; chromium, Cr; cæsium, Cs; copper [L. cuprum], Cu; didymium, D; erbium, E; fluorine, F; iron [L. ferrum], Fe; glucinum, Gl; hydrogen, H; mercury [L. hydrargyrum], Hg; iodine, I; indium, In; iridium, Ir; potassium [L.L. kalium, from Ar. alkali], K; lanthănum, La; lithium, Li; magnesium, Mg; manganese, Mn; molybdenum, Mo; nitrogen, N; sodium, Na (Natron); niobium, Nb; nickel, Ni; oxygen, O; osmium, Os; phosphorus, P; lead [L. plumbum], Pb; palladium, Pd; platinum, Pt; rubidium, Rb; rhodium, Rh; ruthenium, Ru; antimony [L. stibium], Sb; selēnium, Se; silicon, Si; strontium, Sr; tin [L. stannum], Sn; sulphur, S; tantalum, Ta; tellurium, Te; thorium, Th; titānium, Ti; thallium, TI; ūrănium, U; vanadium, V; tungsten, W (Wolfram); yttrium, Y; zinc, Zn; zirconium, Zr. Of the principal Codices or MSS. of the New Testament: A. is the Alexandrine, or Codex Alexandrīnus, in the British Museum, probably fifth century; B., Codex Vaticanus, in the Vatican, probably fourth century; C., Cod. Ephraemi, at Paris, i.e. of Ephraem the Syrian, a palimpsest, probably fifth century; D., Cod. Cantabrigiensis, or Beza, at Cambridge, probably end of fifth century or beginning of sixth century; N, Cod. Sinaiticus, found by Tischendorf, 1859, in a monastery on Mount Sinai, probably fourth century. On English Coins are: A. C., A.D., A.T., Arch-Chancellor, Duke, Treasurer; D.G., Dei gratia, by the grace of God; F.D., fíděi defensor, Defender of the Faith; S.R.I., Sanctum Romānum Imperium, Holy Roman Empire; M.B.F. et H., Magne Britanniæ, Franciæ, et Hiberniæ, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. In Dignities, Degrees, Professions, etc.: H.M., S.M., His or Her Majesty, Sa Majesté; S.A.R., S.A.I., Son Altesse Royale, Impériale, His or Her Royal, Imperial, Highness; D.N.P.P., Dominus noster Papa Pontifex, our Lord the Pope. K.C.H. is Knight Commander of Hanover; K.G., K.H., K.M., K.P., K.T., K.M.G., are Knights of the Garter, of Hanover, of Malta, of St. Patrick, of the Thistle, of St. Michael and St. George; K.B. not now in use, Knight of the Bath, of which order (as of S.I. and M.G.) there are now three classes, viz. G.C.B. Grand Cross, K.C.B. Knight Commander, and C. B. Companion; C.I.E. is Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire; C.S.I., K.C.S.I., G.C.S.I., Commander, Knight Commander, Grand Cross, of the Star of India; L.C.J. and L.C.B. are Lord Chief Justice, -Baron; P.C., Privy Councillor; H.E.I.C., Honourable East India Company; S.T. P., Sanctæ Theologiæ Professor, is the L. translation of D.D., Doctor of Divinity; LL.D., Lēgum Doctor, Doctor of Laws, the equivalent in Cambridge and Dublin of the Oxford D.C.L., Doctor of Civil Law; A.A. is Associate of Arts; B. M., Bachelor of Medicine; S.C.L., B.C.L., Student, Bachelor, of Civil Law; A.K.C., Associate of King's College; B. ès L. is the French Bachelier ès, i.e. en les, Lettres; F.R.S., properly Frater nitātis Regiæ Socius, has adapted itself to the Eng. translation, Fellow of the Royal Society; similarly, F.G.S., F. L.S., F. R. A. S., F. R. G. S., are Fellows of the Royal Geolog., Linnæan, Royal Astron., Royal Geog., Societies; R. A., Royal Academy, Royal Academician; Á. R. A., Associate of ditto; P.R.A., President of ditto; A.E. R.A., Associate Engraver of Royal Acad.; M.I.C.E., Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers; M.R.C.S. is Member of the Royal College of Surgeons; M.R.C.V.S., Member of Veterinary ditto; F.R.I.B.A., Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects. R.M., usually Royal Marines, is, in Ireland, Resident Magistrate. D.L., Deputy-Lieutenant of the County; J.P., Justice of the Peace, i.e. a magistrate; W.S., Writer to the Signet, i.e. one of a body of legal practitioners in Edinburgh, corresponding generally to the highest class of attorneys in London; M.F.H., Master of the Fox-hounds; M.C., master of the ceremonies. Amongst Naval A. are: R.N., Royal Navy; H.M.S., Her Majesty's ship; A.B., able-bodied seaman; C.G., coastguard; C.P., sent by the civil power; D., in Complete Book, dead or deserted; D.S.Q., discharged to sick quarters; F.G., on a powder cask, fine grain; and L.G., large grain. (For L., v. L's, Three; and v. A 1.) Amongst Military A. are: F.M., FieldMarshal; A.D.C., Aide-de-Camp; Q.M.G., Quarter-Master-General; R.A., R.E., R.H.A., | R.M., are Royal Artillery, Engineers, Horse Artillery, Marines; C.O., Commanding Officer; S.C., Staff Corps; S.C., Staff College; R.M.C. and R.M.A., Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and Academy, Woolwich. In referring to Languages: Sansk., Skr., or Skt., is Sanskrit; A. S., Anglo-Saxon; O. H. G. and M. H. G., Old, and Middle, High German; Pl.D., Platt Deutsch, Low German; O.E., O.F., O.N., O.S., Old English, Old French, Old Norse, Old Saxon; L.L., Low Latin; Prov., Provençal; √ =root of a word. Mathematics: Q.E. D., quod erat demonstrandum, which was to be proved; Q. E. F., faciendum, to be done. Letters of the alphabet are used to denote numbers or numerical quantities; but a, b, c, etc., denote constant or known numbers; u, x, y, z, variable or unknown numbers; m, n, p, etc., simple numerical coefficients, or exponents: thus, a certain power of a known number (a) would be written am; ab is a × b; a a ÷ b; a > b means a is greater than b; a < b, less; a' means a xa xa xa, and the 4 is called an exponent of a;, formerly r, i.. L. radix, is the sq. root of a number; but or at, or at, mean the cube root, the fourth root, of a; .. stands for therefore, for because; cos., tan., log., are cosine, tangent, logarithm. When the variations of one quantity (u) follow those of another quantity (x) the forlatter, written u = mer is said to be a function, f, F, or ø, of the change which a variable undergoes, as ▲u; but f(x); A indicates the finite if the change is indefinitely small, du, du; Σ means the sum of a number of quantities which differ from each other by finite differences; S, the sign of integration, denotes the total result of a variation, the rate of which is continually changing, as the distance described by a body moving with a velocity that continually varies. When a group of quantities of the same kind is considered, it is convenient to denote them all by the same letter, and to distinguish the members of the group by figures, 1, 2, 3, etc., to the right and below, called suffixes; thus, the group of forces which keep a body at rest may be denoted by P1, P2, P3 Medicine: A, a, or aa, is ănă, i.e. àvá, again, an equal quantity; AAA, amalgama; F., Ft., fiat, fiant, let it, them, be made; M., sometimes mănipulus, a handful, sometimes misce, mix; P., pugillus, a handful; P.., partes æquales, equal parts; P.R.N., pro rē nātā, according to the occasion; Q.S., quantum sufficit, as much as is sufficient; R, rěcipě, take. Miscellaneous: i.e., id est, that is; L. S., locus sigilli, place for the seal; loc. cit., or l.c., loco citato, in the passage quoted; e.g., exempli gratia, for example; v.1., văria lectio, a different reading; cf. is for L. confer, compare; crim. con., criminal conversation ; id., idem, the same; ibid., ibidem, in the same place; s. v., sub vōce, or verbo, under the word, in the dictionary; s. h.v., sub hac vōce, hoc verbo, under this word; .7.λ., i.e. Kal тà λoinά, and the rest, the same as the L. etc., i.e. et cætera ; q.v., quod vide, i.e. which see, refers the reader to the word last mentioned; p.r.n., pro rē nātā, according to circumstances, lit. for the matter or occasion arising; M., in the Marriage Service, a printer's correction introduced after 1726, from the Act prescribing the form of banns, should be N. for Nomen; D.M., Dîs Manibus (Manes); ob., obiit, died; A.S., anno salūtis, in the year of Redemption; Ca. Sa., capias ad satisfaciendum (q.v.); fi. fa., fieri facias (q.v.); pxt., pinxit, painted; nem. con., nemine contradicente, no one saying No, is = carried unanimously; no., for number, is the It. numero; sp.g., specific gravity; c.g.s. are the Fr. centimètre, gramme, second; m.s.l. mean sea-level; x.d., exclusive of dividend; ult., inst., prox., are mense ultimo, instanti, |