DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE AND PROVINCIAL ENGLISH, CONTAINING WORDS FROM THE ENGLISH WRITERS PREVIOUS TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY WHICH ARE NO LONGER IN USE, OR ARE NOT USED IN THE SAME SENSE. AND WORDS WHICH ARE NOW USED ONLY IN THE PROVINCIAL DIALECTS. COMPILED BY THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., H.M.R.S.L., &c., CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. LONDON: HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MDCCCLVII. PREFACE. SOME seven centuries ago, two distinct languages were spoken throughout England, the Anglo-Saxon, which was that of our Teutonic forefathers, and consequently one of the pure Teutonic dialects, and the Anglo-Norman, one of the Neo-Latin family of tongues, which was brought in by the Norman conquest. For some time, these two languages remained perfectly distinct, the Anglo-Norman being the only one spoken or understood by the higher classes of society; while the lower classes, and a great portion of the intermediate class, used only the Anglo-Saxon. Some only of the middle classes, more especially those engaged in mercantile occupations, were acquainted with both. It was not until the thirteenth century, when the intercourse between the several classes had become more intimate, that an intermixture of the two languages began to take place, and then all the educated classes appear to have been well acquainted with both tongues. From this time forwards, an English writer, though using the Anglo-Saxon tongue, adopted just as many Anglo-Norman words as he pleased,-in fact it had assumed the character of a language of two ingredients, which might be mixed together in any proportion, from pure Anglo-Norman (pure, as regards the derivation of the words) to nearly pure Anglo-Saxon, according to the class of society for which he wrote. Thus, as late as the middle of the fourteenth century, the language of Piers Ploughman, which was designed for a popular work, contains a remarkably small mixture of Anglo-Norman words, while in the writings of Chaucer, who was essentially a Court poet, the proportion of the AngloNorman to the Anglo-Saxon is very great. Much of this AngloNorman element was afterwards rejected from the English language, but much was retained, and of course a proportional quantity of Anglo Saxon was displaced by it. In consequence of this unsettled state of the English language, the writers of the ages of change and transition contain a very large number of words belonging to the Anglo-Saxon as well as to the Anglo-Norman, which are no longer contained in the English tongue. Such was the first process of the formation of the English language. The limitation of the Anglo-Norman element seems to have taken place in the fifteenth century, when a considerable portion of the Anglo-Norman words used by previous English writers were rejected from the English language, and were never seen in it again. But as these disappeared, they were succeeded by a new class of intruders. The scholastic system of the age of the Reformation, had caused a very extensive cultivation and knowledge of the Latin language, and it is probable that the great mass of the reading public at that time were almost as well acquainted with Latin as with their own mother tongue. In consequence of this universal knowledge of Latin, the writers of the sixteenth century, without any sensible inconvenience, used just as many Latin words as they liked in writing English, merely giving them an English grammatical form. The English language thus became suddenly encumbered with Latin words, until, at the end of the sixteenth century and beginning of the seventeenth, the practice of thus using Latin words was carried to such a degree of pedantic affectation, that it effected its own cure. A popular writer of this period, Samuel Rowlands, in a satirical tract published in 1611, under the title of "The Knave of Clubbs," has the following lines upon this fashion, which had at that date reached its culminating point: SIGNIEUR WORDE-MONGER, the ape OF ELOQUEnce. As on the way I Itenerated, A few of these Latin words have held their place in the language, |