(VIth Egyptian Room) contains examples of all the known forms of importance, and an examination of them reveals the following facts: Isis has several forms, and the large number of figures shows that this goddess was a great favourite. (1) She is seen on plaques in the form of a large, handsome woman seated on a throne offering her right breast to Horus, who is lying across her knees. She has on her head the horns, disk and plumes of Hathor, but her body is arrayed in a voluminous Greek garment which reaches down to her ankles. (2) In the old mythology Isis was associated with Sept. or Sôthis, the rise of which heralded the Inundation, and she travelled over the heavens in a boat. This made her a goddess of navigation, and we see her in the form of a Juno-like woman wearing her characteristic head-dress and Greek attire, and holding in her right hand a rudder, as the great protectress of ships and of all who go down to the sea in ships. (3) She was identified with Hathor, and so appears in the form of a nude woman, wearing the disk, plumes and horns of that goddess on her head, a necklace and pendant, armlets and sandals. (4) Isis also appears on plaques and pectorals in the form of a serpent, with the disk and horns,, on her head. A jug near her indicates her character as mother of abundance and prosperity, and the sistrum,, placed in her dress, her connection with and patronage of music and dancing. On a plaque at Berlin (8164) we see her with the disk and horns on her head in a shrine surmounted by the "living uraei," side by side with Osiris, also in serpent form and wearing the crowns of the South and North, . (5) As the goddess of the star Sept, i.e., Sôthis or Sirius, the Dog-star, she rides upon a dog, who has a star on his head between his ears.

Osiris appears on stelae of the Ptolemaïc and Roman Periods in his usual form as a mummy wearing the Atef Crown,, and holding and, and in this form he is associated with Isis, the woman-goddess. But the form of Osiris that is most common in terra-cotta figures is Osiris Apis,, Asár-Ḥāp, or Serapis. The original form of Asȧr-Ḥāp was that of a bull, but in the terra-cotta figures he is represented as a man with masses of curly hair and a thick beard; in his hair he wears the horns of the ram, sacred to Åmen, and on his head is the modius. In these figures there is no trace of the Apis Bull or of the mummy-form of Osiris. The Greeks brought to Egypt the image of the god of the dead at Sinope, and called it Asar-Hap, which was the name at that time of the god of the dead of the Egyptians. The people in general preferred the form of the handsome bearded man to that of a mummy, and so the terra-cotta figures of the god of Sinope multiplied

A group of figures of Graecized Egyptian gods, Isis, Osiris, Harpokrates, Serapis, etc. in the British Museum. Ptolemaïc and Roman Periods.

in Egypt. But terra-cotta figures of Osiris in the form of a mummy are known, and there are two such in the British Museum (2312, 26264) in which he is seen wearing the Atef Crown.1 Sometimes Serapis is associated with an eagle (or vulture ?), on which he seems to be riding, but I know of no incident in the life of Osiris that can be referred to by such figures.

The most popular member of the family of Osiris was "Horus the Child," Herpkhrat or Harpokrates, 'Aрπокрáтηs, and he appears in many forms: (1) As a babe lying on the lap of Isis. (2) As an old man, in which character he seems to have been confused with Horus the Aged. (3) As a babe seated upon a lotus flower. This clearly identifies him with the young Sun-god, who in the Vignette of Chapter LXXXIB of the Theban Book of the Dead is seen rising out of a lotus flower.2 (4) As a young Egyptian prince, the heir of Osiris, wearing the Crowns of the South and North, (5) As a young, virile god, ithyphallic, like Menu, the god of procreation, and like the ithyphallic Osiris on his bier. (6) As a successor of Amen, riding a ram, sacred to Åmen, or a goose, a bird also sacred to Amen. (7) As a military knight riding a horse. On his head he wears the crowns of the South and the North, and he holds a long spear in his right hand, ready to transfix a foe; this is often represented on Gnostic amulets (King, Gnostic Gems, Pl. VI, No. 7). In this form he represents Ḥerur, who slew Set, and Rā, who speared Apep, and Osiris, who slew Set, or Typhon. This form of Harpokrates was adopted by the Copts for Saint George and other military knights. (8) As a god, wearing the triple crown, and seated on a plinth which is being carried by two priests; in the crook of his left arm is a torch or a horn of abundance. He symbolized the rising Nile, and was regarded as the giver of life and strength and of all food and wealth and prosperity. (9) As a draped youth with his hand in a pot-probably of phallic significance. (10) As a naked man, clasping with his left hand the legs of a naked girl who is sitting on his left shoulder (Berlin, 9181).

Figures of the other members of the family of Osiris-Nephthys and Anubis—are rare, and we may pass on to those of Bes, which are comparatively numerous. In one character he appealed to the popular imagination as the god of mirth and jollity, and of singing and dancing, and his plumes and general appearance proclaim his Sûdânî origin. But this god of pleasure was also renowned as a fighter, and in the terra-cotta figures he is brandishing a sword in his right hand and grasping a shield in his left. For his history generally see the description of him in the section on figures of the

1 There is also a compact well-made bronze figure of him which dates from the Ptolemaic Period (B.M. 26264).

* Thus is he seen on Gnostic amulets, where he is called CEMC EIAAM, the "everlasting sun." King, Gnostic Gems, p. 35.

gods. Egyptianized forms of purely Greek and Roman gods are to be found in all large collections of such figures, and figures of Helios were represented with the attributes of Ra and Horus ; Artemis and Aphrodite were made to resemble Hathor, and Neith, and Isis and Mersegert; Priapus was treated as a form of Menu, Hercules and Mars as forms of Horus and perhaps Bes, and so on. It seems that figures of any and every god who struck the popular imagination, no matter whence he came or what his origin was, were made and circulated by the merchants and dealers in such wares. The people kept them in their houses as protectors, and placed them in the graves with their dead as amulets in exactly the same way as the older Egyptians had done with their figures of gods in bronze, wood and faïence.1

WOODEN FIGURES OF ÅSÅR AND PTAḤ-SEKER-ÅSÅR UNDER the XVIIIth dynasty the Egyptians placed the great papyrus rolls inscribed with the Chapters of the Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead either in the coffins with the mummies of those for whom they were written, or in niches cut in the walls of their tombs. Early in the XIXth dynasty they adopted a new plan, and placed the roll inside a wooden figure of the god Osiris, which was placed by the side of the coffin in the tomb. One of the oldest examples of such figures is B.M. 9861. The god is in the form of a mummy and is painted white, but his beard and head-dress are greenish-black. He wears the White Crown, with plumes, and above his head is painted the solar disk; his arms are bent at the elbows; his hands rest on his breast, and in one he holds a bronze model of a flail or whip with three thongs,2 inlaid with carnelian. The figure, including its rectangular pedestal, is 30 inches in height. Down the front is a line of hieroglyphs which read: "NESU TA HETEP Osiris Khenti-Åmentt, Anpu, dweller in the Chamber of Embalmment, lord of the Holy Land, may they grant entrance into and exit from Khert Neter to the Osiris Hu-Nefer the truth-speaker for

ever,"

בון

The figure is hollow, and the roll of papyrus was pushed

1 Figures in the British Museum which illustrate the above remarks are: Harpokrates on goose (37539), on horse (24372), enthroned (37546), with jar (37566), draped (37503), on lion throne (37567), as warrior (37518), with Serapis (37562); Serapis and eagle (14285); Osiris (2312, 26264); Isis with Harpokrates (37497), as woman-serpent (37495, 12822); Bes on lions (16025), Bes, 17 inches high (22378); Baubo on pig (37534).