sent their countrymen to death. Apries sent a general called Aāḥmes (Amasis) to quell the rebellion, but the rebels proclaimed him king, and Apries was obliged to make him his co-regent. A few years later Apries collected an army of mercenaries and attacked Amasis, but he was defeated and was eventually murdered by his own followers.1 There is no proof that Nebuchadrezzar II invaded Egypt, either during the reign of Apries or of his successor.

Аāḥmes (Amasis) II, the successor of Apries, reigned 44 years. He married Tentkheta, and became by her the father of Psemtek III, and was the official husband of Ankhnesneferȧbrā, the high priestess at Thebes. During his long reign he repaired many of the temples in all parts of Egypt, especially at Thebes, Abydos, Memphis and Saïs. He founded Naukratis, near Saïs, and the city became practically a Greek state; the trade between Egypt and the outer world flourished exceedingly, the Delta becoming the clearing-house of the Western World.

Psemtek III, the Psammacherites of Manetho, reigned six months; very few monuments of his reign exist, and they tell us nothing about his reign. He sent an army, which consisted chiefly of mercenaries, to withstand Cambyses at Pelusium, but the Egyptians were beaten, and many of them turned and fled to Memphis. Cambyses sent an envoy to make terms with them, but they attacked his boat and killed him, and tore the crew limb from limb. Cambyses then came to Memphis, and 2,000 Egyptians were slain to satisfy his vengeance. Psemtek III was deposed, but Cambyses entreated him kindly until Cambyses was told that he was conspiring against him, and then he had Psemtek put to death. Egypt then became, like Babylonia and Assyria, a province of the Persian Empire.

The Twenty-Seventh Dynasty. Persians.

Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, reigned from B.C. 529-521. He went from Memphis to Saïs in the Western Delta, where lived a friend and supporter, the priest Utchaḥerresenet,m, who conducted him about the city and interested him in the history of the goddess Neith of Saïs and her temple, and obtained from him authority to eject the foreigners who had settled in her holy precincts. The temple was purified, its priests reinstated and its revenues restored, and Cambyses was present at the reconsecration of the temple and, like a Pharaoh of old, publicly worshipped the goddess.2

1 See Daressy in Maspero's Recueil, tom. XXII, p. 1ff. Breasted says that Daressy's French translation is "nine-tenths conjecture"; see Ancient Records, Vol. IV, p. 509.

2 The inscription relating these facts is cut on a statue of Utchaḥerresenet in the Vatican; for the literature see Wiedemann, Aeg. Geschichte, p. 667, and for a translation see Brugsch, Egypt under the Pharaohs, Vol. II, p. 293 f. ; a summary made from the text will be found in my History of Egypt, Vol. VII, p. 44 f.

With the consent of Cambyses, Utchaḥerresenet re-organized the affairs of the Delta, and with such success that Darius the Great applied to him for advice and counsel. Cambyses occupied Egypt as far as Elephantine, and he sent expeditions to the country south of the Fourth Cataract, and to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon (Sîwah). The army which he sent from Thebes to Sîwah was overwhelmed by a terrible habûb, or sand storm, and was never more heard of. Some writers on Egypt, ignorant of the physical conditions of the Western Desert, and knowing nothing of the "moving sand-hills," regard this story as a fable. But Egyptian and Turkish military annals are full of reports of disasters of the kind and, to the writer's personal knowledge, a caravan of 700 camels with a military force was lost through a habûb between Korosko and Abu Ḥamad, and only two men escaped to tell the tale. A defeat of Cambyses in the Sûdân seems to be mentioned in the Annals of Nastasen,1 where his name is given as K-M-B-S-U-T-N-T; the objections to Schäfer's identification of the name are not well founded.

(?)

Darius I, the Great (B.C. 521-485), arrived in Egypt about B.C. 517. He was wise and tolerant in his rule over Egypt; he adopted the rank and style of the Pharaohs, and supported the religious institutions of the country, and endowed a college for the priests at Saïs. He completed the clearing out of the old Nile-Red Sea Canal, which had been begun by Nekau, and along its course set up stelae with inscriptions recording the fact in Egyptian, Persian, Susian and Babylonian. He repaired the temple of Ptaḥ at Memphis, and built a sandstone temple to Amen in the Great Oasis, or the Oasis of Khârgah. It was about 150 feet long and 60 feet wide, and had three pylons. On the wall of the second chamber is cut a wonderful Hymn to Amen as the One God, of whom all other gods are forms.2

Xerxes I, the Great (B.C. 485-465), succeeded in quelling the revolt that had broken out under the direction of Khabbasha

, who was probably burnt or flayed alive, and

tradition says that Xerxes ruled the country harshly. The monuments tell us nothing about his reign; examples of the alabaster vases inscribed with his name in Egyptian, Persian, Susian and Babylonian are to be seen in the British Museum.

Artaxerxes I (B.C. 465-424) did not adopt Egyptian titles like his father, but was content to have a transcription of his name

1 For the text and a German translation see Schäfer, Regierungsbericht des Königs Nastesen, Leipzig, 1901; English renderings will be found in my Egyptian Sûdân, Vol. II, p. 97 ff., and Annals of Nubian Kings, p. 140 ff.

2 See Birch, Trans. Soc. Bibl. Arch., Vol, V, pp. 293-302; Brugsch, Reise, 1878.

enclosed within a cartouche and to call himself “ Pharaoh the Great,"

is found in Egypt.

Hardly any trace of his long reign of 41 years

Darius II (B.C. 424-404) is known in Egypt chiefly by his inscription on the walls of the temple of Amen which Darius I built at Al-Khârgah.

The Twenty-Eighth Dynasty.

Of Amyrteos, the only king of this dynasty mentioned by Manetho, nothing is known from the monuments.

The Twenty-Ninth Dynasty. From Mendes.

The nobles who seized the opportunity of calling themselves "kings of the South and the North," and compose Manetho's XXIXth dynasty, were: Naifāuruț (Nepherites) I, who made his son Nekhtnebf his co-regent; Hager (Achôris), who repaired some of the temples of Thebes; and Psamut (Psammuthis), who carried out repairs at Karnak. Of Manetho's Nepheritis (II) and Muthis nothing is known.

The Thirtieth Dynasty. From Sebennytus.

Nekhtḥerḥeb, the Nektanebês of Manetho, repaired many of the temples in Egypt and built a temple at Bahbit al-Ḥajârah in honour of Horus, and a small temple by the Serapeum. He set up two obelisks before the temple of Ptaḥ, and these and his great inscribed stone sarcophagus are in the British Museum.1 He reigned 18 (?) years, and was succeeded by Tcheḥer, the Teôs of Manetho, who reigned 2 years, and who repaired the temple of Khensuḥetep at Thebes. Nekhtnebf, the Nektanebos of Manetho, reigned at least 17 years. He was a great builder, and remains of his works are found in nearly all the great temples of Egypt. He attempted to withstand the Persians, who were attacking Pelusium under Artaxerxes II (B.C. 404-359), but the Egyptians were defeated and Nekhtnebf retreated with the remnant of his army to Memphis. Seeing that one after another the cities in the Delta were submitting to the Persians, he quietly abdicated his kingdom and fled to Nubia. Thus ended the reign of the last native king of Egypt. Artaxerxes II plundered the country and returned to Persia with great spoil. Under Artaxerxes III (B.c. 359-338), Arses (B.C. 338-336), and Darius III (B.C. 336-331) Egypt again became a province of Persia.

Alexander the Great (B.c. 356-323) defeated Darius at the Battle of Issus (в.C. 332), and came to Memphis, where he was acclaimed as the saviour of the country. He legalized his sovereignty

1 The famous Metternich stele was set up in his reign; see Golénischeff, Die Metternichstele, Leipzig, 1877.

over the country by paying a visit to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon, where the god Amen acknowledged him to be his son, and therefore the lawful king of Egypt. He founded the city of Alexandria (B.C. 322) near the old town of Räqeți, o, Coptic

pakot. On the death of Alexander, when his kingdom was divided, Egypt fell to the share of Ptolemy Lagus, who administered the country in the name of Alexander's half-brother and son Philip Arrhidaeus and Alexander II of Egypt. The former never set foot in Egypt, and the latter, who was brought there when he was a child of six, was murdered seven years later, and Ptolemy Lagus became king of Egypt under the title of Ptolemy I1 Soter I (B.C. 304). He founded the Alexandrian Library and Museum and introduced the worship of Serapis. Ptolemy II Philadelphus (B.C. 287) founded the cities of Berenice and Arsinoë and built the Pharos of Alexandria. In his reign the Septuagint was compiled and Manetho wrote a History of Egypt. Ptolemy III Euergetes I (B.C. 246) began to build the Temple of Edfû. He added a day to the year every fourth year, thus anticipating Leap-year. Ptolemy IV Philopator I (B.C. 222) built a hall to the temple of Arqamen (Ergamenes) at Dakkah, defeated Antiochus the Great at the Battle of Raphia, and inaugurated elephant hunts in the Sûdân. Ptolemy V Epiphanes (B.C. 205). The Rosetta Stone is inscribed with a bilingual copy of the Decree which the priests passed at Memphis in the ninth year of his reign. Ptolemy VI Philometor I (B.c. 173). Ptolemy VII took the title of Euergetes (II). Ptolemy VIII Eupator cartouches wanting. Ptolemy IX Philopator II or Philopator Neos-cartouches wanting. Ptolemy X Philopator III (also Philometor II) took the title of Soter (II). Ptolemy XI Alexander I took the title of Philometor (III). Ptolemy XII Alexander II-cartouches wanting. Ptolemy XIII Philopator IV Philadelphus II, Ptolemy XIV and Ptolemy XV-cartouches wanting. Ptolemy XVI was the son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, and was called Caesarion.

After the death of Antony and Cleopatra Egypt became a Roman Province (B.C. 30), under the rule of a Prefect. Nero (A.D. 54-60) sent two centurions into the Sûdân to report on the country generally. St. Mark arrived in Alexandria about A.D. 70. Trajan (A.D. 98) re-opened the Nile and Red Sea Canal. Hadrian (A.D. 117) visited Egypt twice. Decius (A.D. 249) persecuted the Christians. Diocletian (A.D. 284) abandoned Nubia and subsidized the Blemmyes and the Nobadae; he persecuted the Christians, and the Coptic Era of the Martyrs begins with the first year of his reign. Pompey's Pillar" was set up in his reign. Marcianus

1 The principal monuments of the Ptolemies in Egypt are described in my History of Egypt, Vols. VII and VIII.

F

(A.D. 450-457) invaded Nubia, chastised the Blemmyes and Nobadae, and made them agree to keep the peace for 100 years. In the first half of the VIth century Silko, king of the Nobadae, embraced Christianity; his capital is now called Old Dongola. Justinian (A.D. 527-565) sent Narses to close the temples at Philae and to suppress the worship of Isis and Osiris. Narses confiscated the revenues of the temples and carried off the gold statues of the gods to Constantinople. Chosroës, the Persian, invaded Egypt in 619 and held the country for 10 years. Owing to the desertion from the Persians of the Arab tribes, who had attached themselves to Muḥammad the Prophet (born at Al-Makkah August 20th, 570, died in June, 632), Heraclius was able to defeat the Persians in Syria and so again became master of Egypt. In 640 ‘Amr ibn al-‘Âś, general of 'Umar the Khalifah, conquered Egypt, and the country became a province of the newly founded Arab Empire. The first Arab capital was Al-Fustât, near Babylon, and the second was Al-Kahirah (Cairo), which was founded in 969. The Turks, under Salîm, conquered Egypt in 1516-17, and Egypt became a Pashalik of the Turkish Empire. Sa'îd Pâshâ (1854) built railways in the Delta, and under him the digging of the Suez Canal was begun; the canal was opened in 1869. In 1882 the British bombarded Alexandria, and after the Battle of Tall al-Kabîr (September 13th) occupied Cairo. On November 18th, 1914, a British Protectorate over Egypt was proclaimed, and on December 19th the Khedive, 'Abbâs II, was deposed, and the suzerainty of Turkey came to an end. On the same day Prince Ḥusên Kamâl was proclaimed Sulțân of Egypt. In the "Declaration to Egypt " dated Cairo, February 28th, 1922, the first principle laid down is "The British Protectorate over Egypt is terminated and Egypt is declared to be an independent sovereign state."

LIST OF THE NESUBATI AND SON OF RÄ NAMES

OF THE PRINCIPAL KINGS OF EGYPT

UNDER the earliest dynasties the king of Egypt possessed four strong names," or rather titles: 1. The Horus-name, i.e., his name as the successor of Horus, which was indicated by

2. The Nebti-name, as the chosen one of Nekhebit and Uatchit, the Mother-goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt respectively, which was indicated by ; 3. The Horus-of-gold-name, which was indicated by ; 4. The Nesu-båti-name, i.e., his name as king of the

1