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and Lassen, to the same effect. "Dasyu simply means enemy; for instance, where Indra is praised. 'because he destroyed the Dasyus, and protected the Aryan Color.' The Dasyus, in the Veda, may mean non-Aryan races in many hymns, yet the mere fact of tribes being called the enemies of certain kings or priests can hardly be said to prove their barbarian origin." "Though in individual passages of the Mahabharata hatred and contempt are expressed in reference to the tribes living on the Indus and its five great tributaries, yet there is no trace of these tribes being ever regarded as of non-Indian origin. That there was no essential difference in their language is proved, as regards a later period, by the testimony of Panini."†

It is more probable that the primitive inhabitants. of Southern India were of a non-Aryan stock, though I do not regard it as proved. Muir. supposes them to have been allied to the Finnish or Tatar races, and Baldwin, as we have seen, to the Cushites. But in reality the question, both as it relates to them and to the more northern tribes, is of little comparative importance in the present discussion. It may be conceded that neither were Aryans without any danger of im

* Müller, "Last Results of the Turanian Researches," p. 344. † Lassen, Zeitsch. fur die Kunde des Morgenl, iii. 206.

pugning their descent from Noah.

All the data

we have from the Sanskrit, or elsewhere, show that the Aryans did not arrive in the upper valleys of the Indus and the Ganges much before the 13th century before Christ. Professor Müller, indeed, places it as early as the 15th century. Even if we . take this date, we have a period of some 1600 or 1700 years between it and the deluge, according to the Septuagint chronology, a period amply sufficient to admit of repeated migrations from the original seats of the race. It is perfectly consistent with all the known facts respecting the original inhabitants of India, to assume that six, eight, or ten centuries after the deluge, straggling colonies of unlettered men wandered from their primitive home into this country, where they were found by the lettered Aryans perhaps as many centuries later. The supposition meets every exigency of the case, without resorting to the theory of a non-Adamite race, or a condition of human population at all inconsistent with the Bible chronology.

The remaining nations, termed pre-historic, which are claimed to have had an antiquity exceeding that of the deluge, are those whose remains are found in Europe, in association with the bones of antediluvian animals, accompanied by rude implements of

*Last Results, etc., p. 432.

flint and stone; also in ancient peat-beds, and at the bottom of various lakes. The character and proba

ble origin of these remains will be considered at length in a subsequent chapter.

*

It will be sufficient here to observe that the fact that all historical traces of these people are lost,in other words, that they are pre-historic,—is, in the circumstances, no proof of a remote antiquity. Historic times in France, Germany, and Britain go but a little way back of Julius Cæsar. Even if we carry them as far as to the founding of Rome, B. C. 753, we have left a period of some twenty-five hundred years subsequent to the flood—a period amply sufficient for the rise, decay, and extinction of numerous nations, without having left even a name to indicate their origin or affinities.

It will be shown further that the most diligent explorers into the subject of these ancient remains are clearly of opinion that the people to whom they belonged were of Celtic origin, a branch of the great Aryan or Indo-European family, which confessedly were among the latest to leave the primeval seats of emigration in Asia.

The conclusion, then, to which Ethnology brings us, is in accordance with that derived from her sister sciences. So far as she can trace the origin and

* Infra, p. 320.

affinities of all, whether historic or unhistoric nations, she refers them to Central Asia and the family of Noah, and of course brings them into harmony with the chronology of that event. Where she can not trace that origin, she still leaves all the probabilities pointing the same way. She allows ample time, in the period since the flood, for all the migrations and developments required by the hypothesis of such a common descent, and, what is equally significant, she affords not one fact, nor even one reasonable probability, which is in the least inconsistent with it.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE ARGUMENT FROM PHYSIOLOGY.

Differences in existing Races of Men urged to prove a Plurality of Origin. - This Doctrine first advanced by La Peyrère. Espoused by Infidel Writers. Its supposed Bearings on

Theory.

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The

Slavery. Agassiz's Theory of Natural Provinces. And of Unity of Species. Estimate of this Theory. - I. It is a mere II. No Inconsistency of known Facts with the Bible Narrative. The Case of Cain and his Wife. Diversities among Races. 1. Man is of a single Species, having same Physical and Mental Characteristics. - The single Head of the Animal Kingdom. - Intermixture of Races futile. - Unity of Species proves Unity of Origin. — 2. Similar Changes now taking place. 3. Similar Changes among other Animals. - III. The Theory contrary to Analogy in other Departments of Creation. IV. Opposed by Theological and Moral Science. Conclusion.

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THE preceding chapter was devoted to the argument from Ethnology, in what may be denominated its historical department. It is necessary, in view of objections which have been raised, to consider the same subject further under its physiological aspect.

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