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ham as long as he thought admissible, and now, when he had arrived at the end of 1076 years, he was obliged to admit that all his pains had been thrown away. He gives way to

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his ill humor, throws the list into the fire, and can not refrain from exclaiming, Even those names are totally unmanageable; how much more these fifty-three!'" (Egypt's Place, etc., vol. ii. p. 456.)

This charge of "losing his temper," we pass over without more notice. But the cause of it deserves a further remark. Syncellus found the list "unmanageable," and So, "in ill humor," cast it aside when less than half transcribed. The German savant himself finds no little difficulty of the same kind, and finds it much easier to dispose of the fifty-three names that were not transcribed. These, "the hasty words" of Syncellus, "prove most decisively

were the kings of the middle empire, who reigned between the downfall of the old empire and the restoration, while the Hyksos had the supremacy, or at least possessed Lower Egypt and Memphis." This is a most remarkable assumption, and Bunsen acknowledges that Lepsius combats the position. The thirty-eight reigns came down to about B. C. 1525, according to Syncellus, bordering on the time of the restoration, as we understand Bunsen; and besides, the chronology of Eratosthenes evidently was, that the whole 91 (= 38 + 53) reigns of Theban kings covered the entire period from Menes till the time Egypt was conquered by Cambyses, about B. C. 526; at least, the eighty-six reigns of Egyptian kings, given by Syncellus, cover the whole of this period, commencing 124 years earlier.

Bunsen compares the names of the kings in this list

with those of Manetho, and of the thirty-eight he claims to find nineteen in the latter, which "are either identical with them, or so nearly so, that to any one moderately versed in the system of Egyptian royal nomenclature the actual or possible correspondence between the two sets will be at once apparent." (Vol. i. p. 124.)

It is true that the two first names, Menes and Athothis, and the twenty-second, Nitocris, are the same in each list. Three or four names are nearly the same, as Stammenemes for Ammenemes, Saophis for Suphis, and two or three others, have some resemblance; but to make Rammes to be the same as Thamphthis, Apappus as Phios, and Gosormies as Sesorthos, is making the "royal nomenclature” a very indefinite affair. A name may be made anything or nothing. Bunsen says, "The occasional discrepancy in the years of the reigns may be satisfactorily explained in various ways." Now, this " occasional discrepancy" is simply this: there is entire harmony in only three of the reigns he has identified; the discrepancy is almost universal.

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The probability is, that some few of the names in the list of Eratosthenes are those of kings found in the list of Manetho; but still a great difficulty remains, which Bunsen has done little or nothing to remove.

H.

MANETHO ACCORDING TO JOSEPHUS.

“I SHALL begin with the writings of the Egyptians; not indeed of those that have written in the Egyptian language, which it is impossible for me to do. But Manetho was a man who was by birth an Egyptian; yet had he made himself master of the Greek learning, as is very evident, for he wrote the history of his own country in the Greek tongue, by translating it, as he saith him- . self, out of their sacred records; he also finds great fault with Herodotus for his ignorance and false relation of Egyptian affairs. Now, this Manetho, in the second book of his Egyptian history, writes concerning us in the following manner. I will set down

his very words, as if I were to bring the man himself into a court for a witness.

"There was a king of ours, whose name was Timaus. Under him it came to pass, I know not how, that God was averse to us; and there came, after a surprising manner, men of ignoble birth out of the eastern parts, and had boldness enough to make an expedition into our country, and with ease subdued it by force, yet without our hazarding a battle with them. So when they had gotten those that governed us under their power, they afterwards burnt down our cities, and demolished the temples of the gods, and used all the inhabitants after a most barbarous manner; nay, some they slew, and led their children and their wives into slavery. At length they made one of themselves king, whose name was Salatis; he also lived at Memphis, and made both the upper and lower regions pay tribute, and left garrisons in places that were the most proper for them. When

this man had reigned thirteen years, after him reigned another, whose name was Beon, for forty-four years; after him reigned another, called Apachnas, thirty-six years and seven months;

after him Apophis reigned sixty-one years, and then Fanias fifty years and one month; after all these reigned Assis forty-nine years and two months. And these six were the first rulers among them, who were all along making war with the Egyptians, and were very desirous, gradually, to destroy them to the very roots. This whole nation was styled Hycsos, that.is, Shepherdkings; for the first syllable, Hyc, according to the sacred dialect, denotes a king, as is Sos a shepherd — but this according to the ordinary dialect; and of these is compounded Hycsos. But some say that these people were Arabians.' Now, in. another copy it is said that this word does not denote kings, but, on the contrary, denotes captive shepherds, and this on account of the particle Hyc; for that Hyc, with the aspiration in the Egyptian tongue again, denotes shepherds, and that expressly also; and this, to me, seems the more probable opinion, and more agreeable to ancient history. [But Manetho goes on:] These people, whom we have before named kings, and called shepherds also, and their descendants,' as he says, 'kept possession of Egypt five hundred and eleven years.' After these he says, 'That the kings of Thebais, and of other parts of Egypt, made an insurrection against the Shepherds, and that a terrible and long war was made between them.' He says further: "That under a king, whose name was Alisphragmuthosis, the Shepherds were subdued by him, and were indeed driven out of other parts of Egypt, but were shut up in a place that contained ten thousand acres; this place was named Avaris.' Manetho says, 'That the Shepherds built a wall round all this place, which was a large and strong wall, and this in order to keep all their possessions and their prey within a place of strength, but that Thummosis, the son of Alisphragmuthosis, made an attempt to take them by force and by siege, with four hundred and eighty thousand men to lie round about them; but that, upon his despair of taking the place by that siege, they came to a composition with them, that they should leave Egypt and go, without any harm to be done to them, whithersoever they would; and that after this composition was

made, they went away, with their whole families and effects, not fewer in number than two hundred and forty thousand, and took their journey from Egypt through the wilderness for Syria; but that as they were in fear of the Assyrians, who had then the dominion over Asia, they built a city in that country which is now called Judea, and that large enough to contain this great number of men, and called it Jerusalem.' Now Manetho, in another book of his, says, 'That this nation thus called Shepherds were also called captives in their sacred books.' And this account of his is the truth; for feeding of sheep was the employment of our forefathers in the most ancient ages; and as they led. such a wandering life in feeding sheep, they were called shepherds. Nor was it without reason that they were called captives by the Egyptians, since one of our ancestors, Joseph, told the king of Egypt that he was a captive, and afterward sent for his brethren into Egypt, by the king's permission; but as for these matters, I shall make a more exact inquiry about them elsewhere.

"But now I shall produce the Egyptians as witness to the antiquity of our nation. I shall therefore here bring in Manetho again, and what he writes as to the order of the times in this casc; and thus he speaks: 'When this people, or Shepherds, were gone out of Egypt to Jerusalem, Tethmosis, the king of Egypt who drove them out, reigned afterward twenty-five years and four months, and then died; after him his son, Chebron, took the kingdom for thirteen years; after whom came Amenophis, for twenty years and seven months; then came his sister, Amesses, for twenty-one years and nine months; after her came Mephres, for twelve years and nine months; after her was Mephramuthosis, for twenty-five years and ten months; after him was Tethmosis, for nine years and eight months; after him came Amenophis, for thirty years and ten months; after him came Orus, for thirty-six years and five months; then came his daughter, Acencheres, for twelve years and one month; then was her brother, Rathotis, for nine years; then was Acencheres, for twelve years and five months; then came another Acencheres,

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