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proposed, and not yet recognized as true, of the formation of the coloring matter."

Again :

"They have desired to make the hair of the negro a characteristic of the race, saying that they alone have crisped or woolly hair. But they have forgotten to tell us that negroes offer in this, as in all other respects, the greatest variety. There are some with straight, smooth hair, others who have it curled, and others still who have long hair descending to the shoulders. In all cases, where the hair is crispy, it is never woolly. The hair, it is true, presents the appearance of wool, because it combines. with it a kind of thick oil, soft to the touch; but its anatomical conformation is different. The filaments of a fleece present small asperities, which permit them to felt, that is to say, to be entangled in such a manner as to form a tissue. Their free ends are thicker than the other *—a property that is never met with in the hair of the negro, from which neither cloth, nor anything resembling woolen stuff, can be made. L. Remusat, Revue de Deux Mondes, May, 1854."

K. Page 202.

VARIATIONS IN SPECIES AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

And here I need only allude to a few prominent facts.

1. SWINE.

Naturalists are generally agreed that all varieties of swine are descended from the wild boar; † and yet what a

* Leur bord libre est plus épais que leur autre extrémité. †“The hog descends from the common boar, now found wild over the whole temperate zone in the Old World." (Agassiz, in

great variety of races are now known to exist! When transported into different climates, e. g., into South America, the change is sometimes very great. "Some have acquired erect ears, vaulted foreheads, and heads much larger than were found in the original breed. With some the color becomes black, and with others the skin acquires a thick fur, beneath which is a species of wool. Some, again, are red; others have solid hoofs. One breed is found, in Quebaya, with toes half a span long, white ears, pendent belly, and long tusks, crooked like the horns of oxen."

There is a variety of swine in Hungary with solid hoofs, and a breed with the same peculiar characteristics has appeared in the Red River country, in the United States. The difference in the form of the crania of the varieties of swine especially of the wild and the tame is greater than is found among the most dissimilar of the human races, e. g., the Negro and the Caucasian.

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2. SHEEP.

Very marked varieties have sprung up among sheep. And here we need not feel embarrassed in our argument by the fact that it has been, and still is, disputed what was the origin of the sheep; whether the different varieties sprang from one or a number of primitive distinct species. All we have to do is to consider a few marked cases of a

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a Sketch of Natural World, and their Relation to the different Types of Men," published "Types of Mankind,” p. lxvii.

* In regard to the single or plural origin of the species of our domestic animals in general, the following opinion of Quatrefages is of great weight: "These examples will suffice to show

change of type in the same stock when subjected to different climatic influences. It is well known that sheep were not found on the western continent till after its discovery in the latter part of the 15th century; hence the cases of marked change in the same stock are perfectly authentic.

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'Among those introduced into South America, a hairy breed has sprung up. A breed has been found with monstrous tails; others are found with projecting lips and pendent ears.'

"Several accounts have been published of the change which sheep from Europe undergo in the West Indies. Dr. Nicholson, of Antigua, informs me that, after the third generation, the wool disappears from the whole body, except over the loins; and the animals then appear like a goat with a dirty door-mat on its back. A similar change is said to take place on the west coast of Africa." †

"In some few instances new breeds have suddenly originated. Thus, in 1791, a ram lamb was born in Massachusetts having short crooked legs, and a long back, like a turn-spit dog. From this one lamb the otter or ancon semi-monstrous breed was raised. As these sheep could not leap over fences, it was thought they would be valuable; but they have been supplanted by merinos, and thus exterminated.” ‡ They would breed truly, always

that the profound study of our domestic races always leads more and more to attach to the same species all those which bear the same name, however different they may be." — Quatrefages, Unité de l'Espèce Humaine, p. 107.

*Brace, Races of the Old World, p. 455, referring to De Salles.

† Darwin, Variations of Animals and Plants, vol. i. p. 124, who refers to his numerous authorities for these and other facts.

Ibid, p. 126. The same fact is noticed by Cabell (p. 37), Quatrefages and other writers. It is an undoubted case of a new breed or variety springing up from a well-known stock, and hence, in its analogical bearings, is of great importance.

producing ancon offspring. "When crossed with other breeds, the offspring, with rare exceptions, instead of being intermediate, perfectly resembled either parent."

"A more interesting case has been recorded in the report of the juries of the great exhibition (1851), namely, the production of a merino ram lamb in 1828, which was remarkable for its long, smooth, straight, and silky wool."*

"The sheep of Yemen introduced into Egypt have acquired a straight, rude hair, with a fine down at its roots. Some of the merino sheep are covered with wool, and others with hair, quite differing in structure; and sometimes the same individual, under new circumstances, shows the changes from wool to hair." t

Darwin remarks,

3. CATTLE.

"That many breeds of cattle have originated through variation, independently of descent from distinct species, we may infer from what we see in South America, where the genus Bos was not endemic, and where the cattle, which now exist in such vast numbers, are the descendants of a few imported from Spain and Portugal. In Colombia, Roulin describes two peculiar breeds, namely, pelones, with extremely thin and fine hair, and calongos, absolutely naked. In Paraguay,

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Azara describes a breed which certainly originated in South America, called chivos, because they have straight, vertical horns, conical, and very large at the base.' He likewise describes a dwarf race in Corrientes, with short horns; and others, with reversed hair, have also originated in Paraguay."

Darwin then mentions a "monstrous breed, called niatas, or natas," two small herds of which he saw on the banks of the Plata. "This breed," he says, "bears the same

* Darwin, Variations, etc., vol. i. p. 120.
† Brace, Races of the Old World, p. 455.

relation to other breeds as bull or pug dogs do to other dogs. or as improved pigs, according to Nathusius, do to other pigs. Rütimeyer believes that these cattle belong to the primogenius type. The forehead is very short and broad, with the nasal end of the skull, together with the whole plane of the upper molar teeth, curved upward. The lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and has a corresponding upward curvature. The upper lip is widely open, the eyes project outward, and the horns are large. In walking, the head is carried low, and the neck is short. The hind legs appear to be larger, compared with the front legs, than is usual. The exposed incisor teeth, the short head and upturned nostrils, give these cattle the most ludicrous, self-confident air of defiance.” *

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Dr. Bachman,† having quoted Darwin's account of this variety, makes the following pertinent remarks:

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"We have here another example in evidence of the fact that, without the slightest intermixture of foreign varieties, new breeds of cattle spring up in America. They made their first appearance about eighty years ago, when one was occasionally brought to Buenos Ayres. Now they have become the only race in an immense region of country where they are nearly wild. What causes have operated to produce this variety? There are no wild animals, not even the buffalo, in that country, from which any admixture could by any possibility have been derived. Were we not positive of their origin, they would unquestionably be regarded as a new species."

These facts, related by naturalists,

many more simi

lar ones might be cited, are sufficient for our purpose.

* Darwin, Variations of Animals and Plants, i. p. 113. Unity of the Human Race, p. 305-6.

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