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But without resorting to extreme cases for illustrations, it would be perfectly legitimate to refer to the common varieties of cattle found in any country, —e. g., England, the "Durhams," the "Herefords," the "Highland cattle," the "Alderneys," the " Short Horns," the "Long Horns," etc., etc.; for we find varieties arising in the same stock * as marked and apparently distinct as are found in the human race. There are cattle without horns, with one horn, with short horns, with long horns,† with straight horns, and crooked horns, with pendent horns and vertical horns, and of all possible colors; with long legs, and short legs; with crania wide and short, and long and narrow; - exhibiting among themselves a far greater difference than is seen among the crania of the most dissimilar of the human races.

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4. HORSES.

The following is from Darwin:

"Whether the whole amount of difference between the various breeds be due to variation, is doubtful. From the fertility of the most distinct breeds when crossed, naturalists have generally looked at all breeds as having descended from a single species. Few will agree with Colonel H. Smith, who believes that they have descended from no less than five primitive and differently colored stocks. But as several species and varieties of the horse existed during the later tertiary periods, and, as Rütimeyer

*There are enumerated "19 British breeds" of cattle, and "in the most recent work on cattle, engravings are given of 55 European breeds." (Moll and Gayot, "La Connaissance Gen. du Bœuf," Paris, 1860; Darwin, Variations, etc., vol. i. p. io3.) † Darwin mentions a specimen 8 feet 8 inches from tip to tip, and 13 feet 5 inches as measured on the curve. Variations, etc., vol. i. p. 110.

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found differences in the size and form of the skull in the earliest known domesticated horses, we ought not to feel sure that all our breeds have descended from a single species." *

But, admitting the opinion of Colonel Hamilton Smith as correct, it is only an opinion, - the facts furnished by Darwin himself, in regard to modifications in the same breed from change of climate and other influences, prove that the varieties in mankind may be accounted for without resort to the supposition of a plural origin.

“There can be no doubt,” says Darwin, “that horses become greatly reduced in size, and altered in appearance, by living on mountains and islands. There were, or still are, on

some of the islands on the coast of Virginia, ponies like those of the Shetland Islands, which are believed to have originated through exposure to unfavorable conditions. The Puno ponies, which inhabit the lofty regions of the Cordilleras, are, as I hear from Mr. D. Forbes, strange little creatures, very unlike their Spanish progenitors." ↑

"The horses, according to M. Roulin, transported to South America, have formed a race with fur instead of hair, and have changed to an almost uniform bay color."‡

5. DOGS.

The varieties found among dogs are probably greater and more marked than are known to exist in any other species of animals. There is the St. Bernard dog of the Alps and Mont Blanc, the Newfoundland dog, the bull dog, the "twelve kinds of greyhounds," § and all the way down through the spaniels, terriers, turnspits, pugs, etc.,

* Variations, etc., vol. i. p. 68.

† Ibid., vol. i. p. 69.

Brace, p. 457.

§ Youatt, quoted by Darwin (Variations, etc., p. 49).

to the lap-dog, all forming an immense variety, in which Cuvier admits “that in form the differences are greater than those of any wild species of any natural genus." Darwin, Var., etc., p. 49.

We might admit all that any naturalist has imagined -no one has proved anything — in regard to a plural origin of the varieties of dogs, e. g., that they are derived from three, four, five, or six primordial stocks, as the wolf, the jackal, the anthus, the dingo, the d'hole, or thus, etc., etc., to the number of some six or seven. For Darwin (Variations, etc., i. p. 48) well remarks, "But we can not explain by crossing the origin of such extreme forms as thorough-bred greyhounds, bloodhounds, bull dogs, Blenheim spaniels, terriers, pugs, &c., unless we believe that forms equally or more strongly characterized in these different respects once existed in nature. But hardly any one has been bold enough to suppose that such unnatural forms ever did or could exist in a wild state."

The obvious truth of these remarks makes the illustrations drawn from the varieties of dogs perfectly conclusive.

6. FOWLS.

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I must not omit to mention the great and marked varie

* As Colonel Hamilton Smith, cited by Dr. Bachman, "Unity, &c.," p. 61, from Dr. Morton.

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But the writer of the article Man, in the Cyclopædia of Natural History, states, “No one will be inclined to deny that the varieties of dogs (which, according to Professor Owen, are undoubtedly of one species) present far greater differences in form and color, and in some parts of their habits and instincts, than any that are observed in man." - p. 667.

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ties that are found among our domestic barn-yard fowls the more especially since there seems to be little if any doubt that all of them are descended from a single original stock.* And yet how great the difference among the numerous breeds. Darwin enumerates thirteen distinct breeds, and a number of sub-breeds, among which we have the "diminutive elegant Bantam, the heavy Cochin (Shanghai), with its many peculiarities, and the Polish fowl, with its great top-knot and protuberant skull," the Dorking, with an additional toe, etc. There are rumpless fowls and tailless fowls; single-crested and double-crested, and those without crests; frizzled fowls, and silk fowls, and sooty fowls; creepers, or jumpers, with legs so short "that they move by jumping rather than by walking" (Darwin); and those with legs so long that they can feed from the top of a barrel; and with plumage of all varieties of colors - black, white, yellow, mottled, mixed, etc., etc. The time and place of the origin of some of these breeds are well known, and the single origin of the whole not doubted, or scarcely so, by naturalists generally. The analogical argument from the great varieties among domestic fowls is well nigh conclusive in favor of the single origin of all the varieties of mankind; i. e., it completely sets aside the main argument for a plural origin,

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*"Most naturalists, with the exception of Temminck, believe that all the breeds have proceeded from a single species." (Dar-` win, Variations, etc., vol. i. p. 280.) This author does not think that the evidence of the single origin of all the breeds of domestic fowls from a single original species is so conclusive as that for the single origin of the pigeon. But he seems to have little or no doubt of the single origin. That original stock was the Galla Bankiva.

which is based on variety of color and some differences in physical structure among men.

7. PIGEONS.

I will allude to only one more case of great variation among the lower animals for illustration - that of the domestic pigeon; and these illustrations are the more valuable "because the evidence that all the domestic races have descended from one known source is far clearer than with any other anciently domestic animal," and because "from causes which we can partly understand, the amount of variation has been extraordinarily great."

The original species, as Darwin thinks, is the wild rock pigeon (Columba livia). Some authors describe 150 kinds. - Darwin, Var., etc., i. 164.

"that there exist

"I have no doubt," says Darwin, considerably above 150 kinds, which breed true, and have been separately named. - Variations, etc., i. 165.

Detail is here unnecessary. It is sufficient merely to name a few of the varieties described by Darwin, and other authors as the pouter, the carrier, the runt, the barb, the fantail, the African owl, the short-faced tumbler, the Indian frill back, the trumpeter, etc. The osteological variations are great; for examples of extremes in the form of the beak and skull, compare the short-faced

* Darwin, Variations, etc., vol. i. p. 163. A few lines after, Darwin says, 66 Notwithstanding the clear evidence that all the breeds are the descendants of a single species, I could not persuade myself, until some years had passed, that the whole amount of difference between them had arisen since man first domesticated the wild rock pigeon."

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