for Ireland, of which he gives a most terrible account, and says, "terrible surgery this; but is it surgery and judgment, or atrocious murder merely?" We regard it as surgery, but we think that a great deal of unnecessary rigor and cruelty was practised by Oliver, to bring the campaign to a speedy close, that he might return to England where his interests called him. Such is our explanation of it. There can be no doubt as to the commission of the atrocities charged upon him, for, from his own letter, we take the following statements: "I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town, and I think that night they put to the sword about two thousand men." This was after the place was taken; "when they submitted, their officers were knocked on the head, and every tenth man of the soldiers killed, and the rest shipped for the Barbadoes." Infants and women also perished at Drogheda, says Mr. Forster. Cromwell attributes it all to the "spirit of God," and says, "therefore it is good that God alone have all the glory." So thoroughly imbued was his mind with the idea, that he was an armed soldier working out the judgments of God, that he deceived even himself as to his real motives. This campaign in Ireland, is, in our opinion, the darkest spot in the history of Cromwell, and we gladly drop a veil over it, as unworthy of him and his fame."

The campaign in Scotland, which succeeded, was also signalized by some hard fighting, but was not comparable in slaughter to the short but terrible one in Ireland; it also ended in the entire subjugation of Scotland to the Parlia ment. Gen. Monk was left in charge of that country, a man described by Mr. Carlyle, as a taciturn man addicted to chewing tobacco, but doing with great punctuality whatever was doable in that which he was ordered; he was afterwards celebrated as the restorer of Charles to the throne of his father on the death of Cromwell.

The length to which this article has already extended, warns us to bring it to a conclusion; though the causes of controversy between Cromwell and the Republican party, have not been commented on, as we desired. They arose from his treatment of the Parliament, which he successively assembled, and dissolved, as soon as they began to institute inquiries into the origin of his authority; but they would require too much space to enlarge on here. At some future period, we will probably enter into an examination of them, as

connected with The History of the Statesmen of the English Commonwealth, whose lives, by Mr. Forster, are now in progress of re publication in this country.

The private character of Cromwell, in his domestic relations, was very estimable, though even there, he cannot be regarded as a perfect model; for stern and puritanical as he was, his moral character was not without stain, if the gossip of that day, gathered from friends as well as enemies, may be relied on. Yet the manners of the day, should be taken into account. When the stern Puritan Pym appropriated Lady Carlisle, the former mistress of his great enemy, allowances may be made for others. Cromwell certainly was an affectionate husband and father, and a dutiful son. His letters to his wife and children, even in the midst of the dangers by which he was often surrounded, breathe the purest affection, and contrast well with the stern, inexorable temper displayed in his public despatches. His negociations with Mr. Mayor for the marriage of his good-for-nothing son Dick, give us an interesting insight into the mode in which affairs of the heart were managed in that day; and prove, that with all his piety, Cromwell had an eye to the "main chance." It is purely made a business matter between the two parents-and the young folks are allowed to see each other, after the negociations have been concluded. The most managing mother in fashionable life, in our day, could not display more anxiety about the "settlement" to be made upon her daughter, than does the grim soldier of the puritan army, on behalf of his "deere Dick :" who, however, was little worthy of his parental solicitude, being incurably lazy and inert, both in mind and body; and resigning without a struggle the high portion which the craft and genius of his mighty father had prepared, ready for his hand. From Mr. Carlyle's impressive account of the installation of Cromwell, as Lord Protector, on the 16th Dec., 1653, we extract the following striking description of his personal appearance at that time:

"Does the reader see him? a rather likely figure I think, stands some five feet ten or more; a man of strong, solid stature, and dignified, now partly military carriage. Fifty-four years old, gone April last; brown hair and moustache are getting grey. A figure of sufficient impressiveness-not lovely to the man-milliner species, nor pretending to be so; massive stature; big massive head, of somewhat Leonine aspect; wart above the right eyebrow; nose of con

siderable blunt aquiline proportions; strict, yet copious lips, full of all tremulous sensibilities, and also, if need were, of all fiercenesses and rigors; deep loving eyes, call them grave, call them stern, looking from under those craggy brows as if in life-long sorrow, and yet not thinking it sorrow: on the whole, a right noble lion-face and hero-face; and to me royal enough."

With this daguerrotype in words, the portrait by Cooper, given in this volume, does not coincide; but that by Lely, given in Forster, does; as also an old painting upon copper, in our own possession, brought by the late Dr. Cooper from England, as an original, and which has been much admired by good judges; the age of the painting is evidenced by the innumerable cracks visible across the surface in a strong light, but the colors are as fresh as though laid on but yesterday; it is strikingly similar to Lely's picture in some of the details, though we think for power of expression, and strength of coloring, it cannot be surpassed; in a strong light the eye seems almost to threaten, so lit up does it become, (with life); and the mingled expression of craft and power about the corners of the grand mouth and expanded nostril, convey to us more clearly the real character of Oliver, than volumes of letters and speeches could do.

It may not be an original, yet we think the intrinsic evidence would prove it so, with all who have studied the character of its subject.

In conclusion, we would remark, that it must be a matter of curious speculation for the student of history, to observe, what widely different opinions, two intelligent men, with the same means of judging correctly-and the same materials placed before them, may finally arrive at, by contrasting the judgments passed on Cromwell by his two latest biographers, Forster and Carlyle.

The former, views him with the critical sagacity of a lawyer, accustomed to sift the weight of conflicting testimony; the other allows his own lofty enthusiasm of character to warp his judgment and blind his eyes, even to the glaring detects of his hero. Mr. Carlyle declares Cromwell throughout his book, to be "a God inspired man”an earnest, devout, sincere man-"no hypocrite or barren mummer, the soul of him a mere theatricality;" one who actually always thought what he said.

Mr. Forster, on the contrary, declares that the great curse of Cromwell, which caused his mighty projects to be scat

tered to the winds, the moment of his own death, was his insincerity; he deceived all the successive parties who assisted to elevate him to power, and hence he stood like a mighty eagle, above sympathy and affection, on his lofty eminence. That his plans did finally fail, was proven the moment of his departure. The toll of his death bell, was the very peal of return to the exiled Charles and his faction. Mr. Forster says, some rooted curse that lay in his nature, caused his failure, and adds, "that curse was his want of truth, and could only have been implanted in such a nature, by some earlier scheme of the fatal ambition, which he realized in later life." "It is by leaving with him a portion of true enthusiasm, even in his works of greatest insincerity-it is by supposing that one so accomplished in deluding others, might also, and that most deeply, have deluded himself-that the extraordinary inconsistencies which have been noted in him, will find their solution at the last ;" and he emphatically says, "viewed in his separate qualities, a greater man never lived;" in which opinion we heartily concur.

As he had lived in the midst of moral storm and tempest, during his latter years, so it was amidst the wild commotion of the angry elements, that his troubled spirit passed away. The most terrible storm that had swept over England for many years, was howling in its fury without, when, within a sick chamber, the soul of England's greatest man was striving to free itself from the wearied body that so long had held it. Three times the mighty sufferer was heard to mutter to himself the words indicating the stern doctrines which he held, "it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God!" "with great energy and vehemency of spirit."

"Tell me," he said to Sterry, one of his chaplains, 'is it possible to fall from grace." "It is not possible," replied the minister. "Then," exclaimed the dying man, "I am safe! for I know that I was once in grace." Words which might indicate many latent meanings. By a strange coincidence, he died upon the very day, which with that taint of superstition visible his life long, he had ever considered a "fortu nate day;" the day of the victories of Dunbar and of Worcester. The 3d September, a fortunate day indeed, at last, in dismissing the weary and broken hearted man to that long rest, which neither cowardly kings or base hearted courtiers could disturb, by their unmanly and brutal insults to his re

mains. His works, however, have survived him; though no royal effigy of their greatest king may be seen in the National Pantheon; yet is his memory enthroned in the hearts of the English people; "the good he did lived after him;" it found its full accomplishment in the Revolution of 1688. Let the evil be "interred with his bones," and let us cordially thank Mr. Carlyle for disentombing from their mouldering vaults the buried records of him, who with all his faults and weaknesses, was yet emphatically the man of his day and generation.

ART. II.-NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SPIDER.

1. Tableau des Araneïdes; par C. A. WALCKENAER. Paris de l'imprimerie de Deutu. MDCCCV.

2. Historia Animalum Angliæ, de araneis, de cochleis tum terestribus tum fluviatilibus, de cochleis marinis. London: 1678. Lister.

THE study of insects has not been held by mankind in the highest estimation. Many minds, otherwise discrimi nating and judicious, have affected to look down upon Entomology as forming an occupation, ill suited to dignify the intellectual faculties of immortal man. It has been urged, that a minute survey of such small beings, as constitute the majority of them, must tend greatly to lower, if not degrade, our powers of reasoning, giving to the mind a bias towards the observation of small or insignificant things, at the expense of great and important objects.

The deriders of Entomology have overlooked the fact, that men of vast conceptions have made that study an important branch of the science of natural things. These scoffers, who would, with scale and compass, limit the size of the objects worthy of the attention of the true philosopher, have disregarded the illustrious labors of such men as Reaumer, Clerck, Lister, Albin and De Geer, Fabricius and Linnæus; and many would yet convince us, that such labors are puerile, and such acquisitions unimportant. But the startling fact, that the giant mind of Cuvier was first occupied with the study of insects, has considera