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which have two horns and a smooth hide, without any folds; several specimens of the Hippopotamus in different stages of growth; the Indian Elephant, which is easily tamed and, when domesticated, one of the most useful animals in its native country; a young specimen of the African Elephant, a species distinguished by its enormous ears; in ancient times tamed like the Indian species, it is now exposed to extermination on account of the great value of its tusks. In two large glass-cases are shown stuffed specimens and skeletons of those Apes or Monkeys which, on the whole, are most like man, and therefore are named "Anthropoid Apes;" however, it will be perceived that their similarity to man is much greater during their early youth than at an advanced age. To this group of Monkeys belong the Gorilla and Chimpanzee, inhabitants of the forests of Western and Central Africa; and the two kinds of Orang from Borneo and Sumatra. These animals live chiefly on fruits, but possess an extraordinary strength, which they well know how to use when attacked.

Over the Cases containing the Antelopes and Bats are placed the horns of the different species of Oxen, the largest of which are those of the Arnee, or Great Indian Buffalo.

Cases 1-6 and 14-20. The Antelopes are beasts with hollow horns, chewing the cud; they are chiefly of a sandy colour, and specially fitted to inhabit extensive plains with tracts of desert; a few of the species live among rocks, where they are as sure-footed as the Goat. They are most abundant in Africa, especially in the southern districts. A few are found in India. Among the more interesting species may be pointed out the Water-buck, and Sable Antelope; the Oryx, which, when seen in profile, probably suggested the Unicorn mentioned by the ancients; the Blessbok, Hartebeest, and Sassay be of South Africa; the large-eyed Gazelle, so often referred to by Eastern poets; the Springbok, so called from its springing bounds, when the white fur of its back opens out like a sheet; the Gnu, which at first seems a compound of Horse, Buffalo, and Antelope; the Sasing, or Indian Antelope, with its curious cheek-pores; the Wood Antelopes, with short horns often concealed amongst a brush of hairs; the Chickara of India, with four little horns. (Case 12.) North America and Europe have each a single species, viz., the Prong-buck of the United States, and the Chamois which frequents the Alps. None of these hollow-horned animals shed their horns, except the Prong-buck, in which, periodically, a new pair of horns, covered with hairs, are formed below and within the old one.

The different kinds of Wild Sheep (Cases 9 to 11) from the mountains of Asia, North America, and North Africa: one of the most

At the top of the staircase, close to the entrance into this saloon, there are exhibited two skulls of the Indian Elephant: one of an adult animal, with fully developed tusks; the other of a younger individual, about eighteen years old, showing the succession of the grinding teeth. In the Elephant, only one grinding tooth at a time is in use on each side of each jaw. Whilst this is wearing out, another grinder is gradually formed behind the old tooth, to take its place when it is shed. The number of the teeth thus successively developed is limited to six.

remarkable is the Bearded Sheep, or Aoudad of Morocco, which has enormous strength in its neck and horns; these are of great size in the gigantic Argali of Northern Asia, and in the Wild Sheep of Central Asia (Ovis poli), which was discovered by the Venetian traveller, Marco Polo, in the thirteenth century, on the Great Pamir mountains, at an altitude of 16,000 feet. The largest pair of horns exhibited, measures 56 inches in a straight line from tip to tip.

The various kinds of Ibex and Wild Goats of Siberia, India, and Europe, and some of their domestic varieties (Cases 6 to 8 and 13); the Cashmere and Angora Goats, celebrated for the delicate wool growing among their hair, and manufactured into the finest shawls.

The Giraffes are fitted, by their long legs and neck, and extensile lips and tongue, to browse on the twigs of high trees; while the Antelopes, Goats, and Sheep, with their short neck and blunt lips, browse chiefly on low shrubs, or graze.

The Bats, which have the skin extended between the fingers of their fore-limbs, fly about in the dusk and at night; they feed chiefly upon insects; some of the larger species, often called Fox-bats, or Flying Foxes, have blunt grinding teeth, and eat fruit only. They are found in Africa, in the islands of the Indian Archipelago and the Pacific, and in Australia, where some of them live in large flocks. The Horse-shoe Bats and Leaf-nosed Bats have very peculiar physiognomies, from the complicated apparatus on the skin of the nose round the nostrils. Though the Bats are generally sombre-coloured, yet a few have brilliantly-coloured furs, such as the little orange Port Essington Bat, and some of the Fox-bats. The Vampyres, or Bloodsucking Bats, are confined to South America; they have a long tongue, and a deep notch in the lower lip. They attack animals and sometimes even men while sleeping, fanning the victims with their wings. They are of small size, but the wounds which they inflict often continue to bleed after the Bats are satiated, and do not readily heal.

2. THE SOUTHERN ZOOLOGICAL GALLERY.

In the WALL CASES of this Gallery is exhibited the continuation of the collection of the Hoofed Quadrupeds, as the Oxen, Elands, Deer, Camels, Llamas, Horses, and the various species of Swine. Here also are placed the species of Armadillo, Manis, and Sloth, remarkable for the length and strength of their claws. On the top of the Wall Cases are the horns of various species of Antelopes, Goats, and Sheep. The four corners of the floor are occupied by specimens of the Wild Cattle and Buffaloes of Europe, Africa and Asia; by the Eland, the largest kind of Antelopes acclimatized in England and Ireland; by the Elk, the most bulky species of Deer, inhabiting North America and some districts of North Eastern Europe.

In the centre of this Gallery has been placed a magnificent specimen of the Basking Shark (Selache maxima), captured on March 2nd, 1875, near Shanklin, in the Isle of Wight. It measures 28 feet

in length, and 13 feet in its greatest circumference. This Shark is an inhabitant of the Northern parts of the Atlantic Ocean, and approaches annually the West Coast of Ireland, rarely straying to the coasts of England and Scotland. It is of a harmless disposition, its food consisting of small fishes and other marine animals swimming in shoals. On the West Coast of Ireland it is chased for the sake of the oil which is extracted from the liver, one fish yielding from a ton to a ton and a half. However, its capture is attended with great danger, as one blow from its enormously strong tail is sufficient to stave in the sides of a large boat.

Cases 1 and 2, 31 and 32. The Llamas, used as beasts of burden in the Andes of South America, one species furnishing an excellent wool. The wild species are brown, while the domesticated kinds are black, white, or brown, and often variegated. The Camels, remarkable for their stomachs complicated with cells for holding water, and for their humps, which are stores of nutriment, whereby they are fitted for long journeys across the desert.

Cases 3 to 16. Oxen. Among them may be specified the Lithuanian Bison, or Aurochs, which in ancient times inhabited the European forests, but is now nearly extinct, a few only having been preserved by the care of the Russian Emperors; the American Bison, or "Buffalo," which still wanders in gradually diminishing herds over the prairies of North America; the Musk Ox, limited to Arctic America, where, with its peculiar head and feet, it manages to find food even during the long winter of those regions; the Yak of Thibet, the tail of which is used as a fly-flap by the Asiatics, and the curious Nepalese Budorcas.

The continuation of the series of Antelopes, such as the Bontebok, with its inscribed sides; the fine striped Strepsiceros, with spiral horns; the Nylghau, often called the Horned Horse of India; and the Anoa of Celebes. In these Cases are also contained some others of the Thick-skinned Beasts, as Baird's Tapir of Central America ; the African Swine, with warts on the head, and formidable tusks; the Babyrussa, with recurved horn-like tusks; the social South American Peccaries, with a gland on their back, emitting a foetid odour. All these animals have muscular and callous noses, which fit them well for grubbing in the ground. The curious Hyrax, one of the species of which is the Coney of Scripture: in structure it resembles a diminutive Rhinoceros. The Shielded Beasts, as the Manis, or Scaly Ant-eaters of India and Africa, with very long claws, which are turned in when they walk; the burrowing Armadilloes of South America, which, when danger threatens, can roll themselves into a ball, covered with jointed mail, whence they have derived their name. Aard Vark, or Ground Pig of South Africa, which burrows in anthills. The Ant-eaters of South America, which are covered with hair, and have a very long worm-like tongue, which they exert into anthills, and, when covered with ants, draw into their mouths. The Porcupine Ant-eater, or Echidna of Australia, and the Duck-billed Platypus of the same country, called Water Mole by the colonists, as

The

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it burrows in the banks of streams, and is a good swimmer. Sloths of South America, peculiarly organized for a forest life; living entirely among trees, and crawling along the under side of the branches.

Cases 17-30 contain the Deer, Musks, and Horses. In the Deer the horns, which, except in the Reindeer, are confined to the males, are solid and annually shed and reproduced. The Stag and Fallow Deer of Europe, the large Wapiti of North America, the Reindeer and Elk of Northern Europe and America, the Rusa and spotted Axis of India, and the Brazilian Coassus. The Musks, with their peculiar fur and musk bag, are hornless, and have large canine teeth.

The Horse tribe with solid hoofs, such as the Quagga, and the finelybanded Zebras of South Africa; the wild Asses of Asia.

3. MAMMALIA SALOON.

In the WALL CASES of this SALOON are arranged the specimens of Four-handed, Rapacious, Glirine, and Pouched Beasts, and over the Cases are the different kinds of Seals, Manatees, and Porpoises; and arranged in Table Cases are the general collections of Corals.

In the central eastern division of this Saloon, suspended from the roof, is the skeleton of a Whale from New Zealand (Balana australis), a species as important to commerce as the Right Whale of the Northern Hemisphere; it is a young individual, not quite half grown. Further, a skeleton of the Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Delphinus tursio), of which a large shoal was taken near Holyhead in 1866; of the Narwhal (Monodon monoceros), one of the most singular animals of the whale-tribe, distinguished by a long spirally-twisted tusk, which projects from the snout in the line of the animal's body. This tusk is developed on one side of the snout only (the left), very rarely on both sides. In the adult male it reaches a length of six or eight feet, but is seldom developed in the female; hence it is probable, that its use is the same as that of the antlers in the stag. The ivory of the tusk commands a high price in the market, and was still more valued in former times, when it was believed to be the horn of the Unicorn. The Narwhal is an inhabitant of the Arctic Seas, and rarely strays to more temperate regions.

Cases 1-20. The Primates or Four-handed Beasts, exclusively natives of the warmer parts of the globe, and particularly organized for a life among trees. They are often called Quadrumana, from their four extremities having, in most cases, a thumb opposed to the other toes, so that they are able to lay hold, as it were, with four hands.

The

Cases -13. The Monkeys of the Old World are chiefly distinguished by the very narrow division between their nostrils. Gorilla, Chimpanzee, and Orangs have been mentioned above. The Gibbons are distinguished by their long fore-arms. The Semnopitheci, Cercopitheci, and Colobi of the Old World are Monkeys with long tails; one of the most remarkable is the Proboscis Monkey of Borneo, with its singular long nose; here also may be noticed the Entellus, or Sacred Monkey of the Hindoos, which is religiously

preserved about their sacred enclosures; the Douc, with its finelycontrasted colours; and the Colobi, so called from their fore-hands wanting the thumb; of these the most handsome is the Abyssinian Guereza, with long white hairs flowing over its sides and with the white tail contrasting strongly with the deep black fur. The skin of this Monkey is used to ornament the shields of the Abyssinian Chiefs. The Barbary Ape has been introduced on the rock of Gibraltar, and is the only Monkey found in Europe. The Black Wandaroo, with its grey wig, is a conspicuous species found in Ceylon and Southern India. The Baboons have elongated muzzles, somewhat like dogs, hence their names of Cynocephali or Dog-heads. They are natives of Africa; the most conspicuous are the Chacma, Anubis, the Tartarin, frequently represented on the Egyptian monuments, and the Mandrill or Ribnosed Baboon, from West Africa, one of the specimens being the identical "Happy Jerry," which used to amuse the visitors at Old Exeter Change.

Cases 13-18 contain the American Monkeys, distinguished by the broad space between their nostrils, and by their tails being generally prehensile, which assists them in climbing. The Spider Monkeys have very long legs, and want the thumb of the fore-hand. The Howlers are so called from the loud cries which they utter at night. This howling sound is produced in a large, peculiar bony chamber, connected with the larynx, and giving a goitred appearance to their throat. Some of these Monkeys have their bodies covered with long hair, whilst others are distinguished by a very bushy beard. The Ouistiti Marmozets and little Silky Lion Monkey are noticeable for their delicate beauty; the Douroucouli, with its large eyes and Lorilike aspect, is strictly nocturnal.

Cases 19 and 20 contain the Lemurs and Loris. The Lemurs take the place of Monkeys in Madagascar, and are handsome soft-furred animals with convolute tails. They live in trees, and feed on birds, insects and fruits. Some of the finest and most remarkable species are exhibited in separate cases in the Eastern Zoological Gallery. The Loris are East Indian animals, with large eyes; they sleep all day, and are very active at night. The Flying Lemurs, or Colugos, have the fore and hind legs connected by an expanded skin, which acts as a parachute, supporting them when leaping from branch to branch. They live on trees in the Indian Archipelago, and suspend themselves by their feet to the branches, back downwards, thus forming a kind of hammock in which they nurse their young.

Cases 21-51 contain the Carnivorous Quadrupeds, distinguished by the sharpness and trenchant form of some of their molars, the tubercles projecting from others, and the large size of the canine teeth. They are particularly organized to feed on flesh; most of them catch and kill their prey. The Cats, or Feline Animals, with retractile claws; the Lion of Africa and Asia; the striped Tiger of India; the spotted Leopards of Africa and Asia, at home among trees; the fierce Jaguar of South America; the long-tailed Ounce with its thick fur, found even among the snows of the Himalaya.