the public accuser, Carriere, conventional | Lung, the aged emperor, who had already commissioner, the destroyer of La Vendée; governed that vast empire with uninterruptand various others of the same description, ed success and reputation more than half a were brought to the scaffold. Hundreds century, was then at the palace of Zhe-hol, were released from prison, who, but for the beyond the celebrated wall which had been death of Robespierre, would probably have erected as a barrier against the incursions fallen victims to the reign of terror; and of the Tartars. There the ambassador dethe infamous decree of the convention, for livered a letter from the British sovereign, refusing quarter to the English and Han- in a box of gold, adorned with jewels, which overian soldiery, was annulled. was graciously received; but a spirit of PROGRESS OF THE FRENCH IN HOLLAND. jealousy disinclined the emperor to a trea--ESCAPE OF THE STADTHOLDER. ty, and, after the exchange of mutual presPICHEGRU waited till the frost should set ents, it was hinted that the departure of the in, in order to commence a winter campaign strangers would be agreeable. On the ninth on the frontiers of Holland. The duke of of October, 1793, his excellency and suite York endeavored in vain to rouse the Dutch left Pekin, and proceeded to Tong-Tchew, to resistance, and his royal highness, there- whence they were conveyed by a variety of fore, returned to England. rivers and canals from the northern to the

SWEDEN AND DENMARK.-DISPUTES

WITH AMERICA.

In the course of a week, the Maese and southern extremity of China, reaching Canthe Waal being frozen over, on the twenty- ton in safety, after a variety of amusing adseventh a strong column of French crossed ventures, on the eighteenth of December; the former of those rivers, while another and in January following they embarked at corps made themselves masters of the Bom- Macao for England. mel. Pichegru did not make his grand movement till the tenth of January, 1795, when the main body of his forces crossed SWEDEN and Denmark still persevered in the Waal at different points, and made a their determination of observing a perfect general attack upon the lines of the allies, impartiality during the present war; and on extending between Nimeguen and Arnheim, the twenty-seventh of March, a convention under the command of general Walmoden. was concluded between them, by which they The allies were defeated in every quarter, agreed to protect the freedom of commerce and a precipitate retreat was ordered to- in the Baltic, on the principles of the armed wards Amersfort and Deventer. Utrecht, neutrality of 1780, equipping jointly a fleet Rotterdam, and Dort, surrendered to the of sixteen ships of the line for that service; French without resistance; the Stadtholder and, by the tenth article, the Baltic was deescaped from Scheveling: general Pichegru clared to be a neutral sea, absolutely and made his public entry into Amsterdam; and, altogether inaccessible to the armed ships of by order of the States-General, every other the different and distant belligerent powers. fortress in the republic opened its gates to Jay, chief justice of the United States of the French. On the twenty-seventh of America, arrived about this period in EngJanuary the provisional representatives of land, as minister plenipotentiary, to adjust the people of Holland assembled, and a de- the existing differences between that repubcree passed for the total abolition of the lic and the British government. Soon after stadtholderate, and for the establishment, the commencement of the war, orders were under the protection of the republic of given for stopping all American vessels carFrance, of a new provisional government rying corn to France, and detaining their for the united provinces, which were now denominated the Batavian republic.

EMBASSY TO CHINA.

cargoes, paying for them and the freights. This proceeding, which was resented by the Americans as an infraction of their inTHE prevailing desire of commercial ad- dependence, was followed by an order for vantage in Great Britain, concurring with a seizing all American ships carrying proviwish to secure the friendship of a potentate sions and stores to the French colonies, and whose influence extended to territories bor- also for obliging American ships sailing from dering on those of the English East India the British islands, to give security to land Company, induced the king to send an am- their cargoes in British or neutral ports. bassador to treat with the Chinese court; This order having occasioned the seizure of and earl Macartney, who had acquired repu- six hundred American vessels within five tation as governor of Madras, with a suite months, that government showed its resentcomprising several men of science and skil- ment by an embargo of thirty days on the ful artists, sailed under the conduct of Sir British shipping. In addition to these grievErasmus Gower. He reached the Yellow ances the memorial delivered by Jay to the Sea in safety, passed up the White River to British court complained of the severity used Tong-Choo-Foo, and thence proceeded by to American seamen, and of their being land to the metropolis of China. Tchien- compelled to serve on board English men

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN..

MEETING OF PARLIAMENT.-PROCEED.

INGS.

of-war. Although these differences were hundred and forty thousand pounds; and the finally attended with very serious effects, loan proposed was eighteen million pounds, they were for the present compromised, both being the largest sum ever voted by parliaparties being pacifically disposed, and a trea- ment up to that period. New taxes were ty of amity and commerce between the two imposed on wine, spirits, tea, coffee, insucountries was signed in November. abridgement of the privilege of franking, rances, hair-powder, &c. which, with an 1795.-THE parliament assembled on the hundred and forty-four thousand pounds, of were estimated to produce one million six thirtieth of December; and in the speech which three hundred and fifty-seven thoufrom the throne, while the disasters of the sand pounds were to be applied to the pro- late campaign were admitted, the necessity gressive redemption of the debt. As a counof persisting in the war was strongly urged, terpoise for these additional burdens, the as additional vigor and additional efforts minister mentioned the extraordinary inwere the only possible means of producing crease of commerce, which, in the preceding a successful result. moved in both houses to the address. On ishing period of peace. Amendments were year, had exceeded that of the most flour

OLICS.

the fifteenth of January the attorney-gene- EARL FITZWILLIAM RECALLED FROM ral brought in a bill to continue the suspension of the habeas corpus act for a limited IRELAND.-DISCONTENT OF THE CATH time. This measure being carried in the commons by a considerable majority, the bill most important subjects that engaged the THE affairs of Ireland formed one of the was transmitted to the lords, and passed that attention of the present parliament. Some assembly also, but not without a protest malcontents had entered into secret conagainst it, signed by the dukes of Norfolk nexions with the French revolutionists, and and Bedford, and the earls of Lauderdale a plan for separating the island from the and Guilford. British dominions was strongly suspected,

Pitt delivered to the house of commons a when earl Fitzwilliam, a nobleman distinmessage from his majesty, intimating that a guished for his mild and conciliatory conloan to the amount of four million six hun- duct, was placed at the head of the governdred thousand pounds would be wanted to ment-an appointment peculiarly acceptable aid the exertions of the emperor of Germany to the Irish nation. The Irish parliament during the next campaign, on the credit of assembled on the twenty-second of January, his hereditary dominions, which would prob- 1795, and, after voting to the new viceroy ably require the guarantee of the British an address expressive of the general satisgovernment. On the question that the na- faction, agreed, without hesitation, to the tional faith be pledged for the sum required, most ample supplies ever granted in that considerable discussion arose, in the course kingdom. The lord-lieutenant, finding it imof which Fox said that the recent defalca- practicable to defer deciding on the demands tion of the king of Prussia, immediately af- of the Catholics for the removal of the reter pocketing the English gold, ought to op- maining disabilities under which they still erate as a caution against all advances of continued to labor, employed in his transacmoney to German princes; and he had no tions with the leading members of that body confidence in the efficacy of the proposed the celebrated Grattan, in whom the Catho loan; Sir William Pulteney entertained a lics universally confided. A bill for their high opinion of its probable utility; lord further relief was consequently introduced Grenville had so much reliance on the into the Irish parliament, and the utmost joy promised exertions of his imperial majesty, was diffused through the country, in the exthat he would rather consent to make a pectation of this enlarged toleration, when present of the desired sum than lose the intelligence arrived in Dublin that the Britchance of expected benefit; the marquis of ish ministry avowed themselves adverse to Lansdowne disapproved all connexions with the measure. The lord-lieutenant, after holdGerman princes; but the proposition was ing the government only three months, was agreed to by large majorities, and the loan displaced, and lord Camden appointed in his was shipped to the continent in sterling gold. stead.

On the twenty-third of February the minister submitted his annual statement of the gloom over Ireland; and the arrival of his The recall of earl Fitzwilliam cast a deep supplies and ways and means to the consid-successor in the capital, on the thirty-first eration of the house. The number of men of March, was accompanied by so marked voted for the service of the year was, one an ebullition of popular discontent, that the hundred and fifty thousand landmen, includ- intervention of the military was found neing militia; eighty-five thousand seamen, cessary. On the thirteenth of April the and fifteen thousand marines; the expendi- Irish parliament assembled. On the twentyture amounted to twenty-seven million five fourth Grattan presented his memorable bill

for Catholic emancipation; but it was re- Cornwall, estimated at thirteen thousand jected, and from this period the political pounds, should be settled upon the prince, association, styled the Society of United of which, seventy-eight thousand pounds Irishmen, rapidly extended itself over the should be applied annually to the liquidation whole country. All the Catholics, and a of his debts, amounting, at this period, to large proportion of the Protestants of the upwards of six hundred thousand pounds; kingdom, joined this community; and the and that a law should be passed to prevent leaders began to entertain dangerous de- the heir apparent in future from being insigns. Agents were sent to negotiate with volved in similar difficulties. These propothe national convention; acts of sedition, sitions met the concurrence of the house, rapine, and murder, were perpetrated by the and a jointure of fifty thousand pounds per most desperate; while, on the other hand, annum was settled upon the princess of the violent supporters of the system of ex- Wales, in the event of her surviving his clusion confederated together under the royal highness.

LIAMENT PROROGUED.

name of Orangemen. Mutual injuries soon WARREN HASTINGS ACQUITTED.-PARengendered a most inveterate hatred between these two descriptions of men, one of THE trial of Hastings, which had lasted which was beyond comparison superior in seven years, was now brought to a conclunumber, and the other in property, in legal sion. After some debates on the mode of authority, and military force; and these dis- proceeding, it was resolved that the question sensions rapidly increased, till the whole should be separately put on sixteen points. land exhibited a scene of terror, consterna- The greatest number of peers who voted the tion, and blood. defendant guilty in any one respect, did not MARRIAGE OF THE PRINCE OF WALES.- exceed six: the votes of innocence, in some of the charges, were twenty-six; in others, twenty-three; in one, nineteen. The chancellor intimated the decision of the court to Hastings on the twenty-third of April, who received it in silence, bowed, and retired from the bar.

HIS DEBTS ARRANGED.

AN event, auspicious in its commencement, though unfortunate in its results, as it affected both the illustrious parties, occurred on the eighth of April, in the marriage of the prince of Wales with the princess Caroline, daughter of the duke of Brunswick, The public in general seemed to be pleased and the dutchess Augusta of England, and with the acquittal of one who had suffered niece to his majesty. Lord Malmsbury was so long an arraignment, yet had conducted employed to conduct the royal bride from her the affairs of his government with spirit and father's court. On her arrival in England success; and who, though he had not alshe was received with every mark of dis- ways regarded the duties of morality, the tinction due to her royal birth and illustrious dictates of virtuous policy, and the sentialliance, and the nuptials were celebrated ments of humanity and moderation, had prowith great magnificence. It was generally moted the interests of his employers, secured understood, that in forming this connexion, their authority, and established their dominhis royal highness was influenced by the ion. The East India company paid Hastings promise of an ample provision for the dis- the costs of his trial, amounting to upwards charge of his debts, which had increased to of seventy thousand pounds, and likewise a vast amount; and this is the more proba- conferred upon him a pecuniary donation. ble from his known attachment at the time Parliament was prorogued on the twentyto Mrs. Fitzherbert, with whom it was even seventh of June by a speech from the throne, stated that the marriage ceremony, though which breathed the air of pacification, and invalid by law, had taken place. declared it impossible to contemplate the inOn the twenty-seventh of April, a mes-ternal situation of the enemy with whom sage from his majesty to the commons an- we were contending without indulging a nounced the royal marriage, and expressed hope that the present circumstances of the king's conviction that a suitable provi- France might, in their effects, hasten the resion would be made for the establishment of turn of such a state of order and regular the prince and princess. The message pro- government as might be capable of mainceeded to state that his royal highness was taining the accustomed relations of peace under pecuniary encumbrances, and recom- and amity.

mended to parliament the gradual extinction NAVAL AFFAIRS.-WEST INDIES. of his debts, by applying to that purpose a IN March an engagement took place in part of his income, and the revenues of the the Mediterranean, between two squadrons, dutchy of Cornwall. After some discussion, nearly equal in force; the English commandthe house, on the suggestion of the chancel-ed by admiral Hotham, and the French by lor of the exchequer, determined that one Richery, the latter of which was conveying hundred and twenty-five thousand pounds, a large body of troops to Corsica, for the retogether with the rents of the dutchy of capture of that island. The Ca Ira, of

eighty, and the Censeur, of seventy-four king of Prussia into forbearance, and per guns, struck to the English flag: on the suaded him that his safety and interest reother hand, the French captured the Ber- quired peace. Having annexed two great wick, of seventy-four guns, going out singly commercial cities, Dantzic and Thorn, toto join the fleet; and the Illustrious of the gether with some of the most fertile provsame rate, being much damaged in the fight, inces of Poland, to his dominions, and dewas driven on shore, and lost near Avenza. spairing of the subversion of the French reSoon after this another partial action took public, that prince seceded from the confedeplace near St. Fiorenzo; and the Alcide, a racy, and concluded a treaty on the fifth of French ship of the line, struck her colors; April, by which he relinquished his possesbut, from some fatal accident, blew up before sions on the left bank of the Rhine. By she could be taken possession of by the Eng- another agreement he secured the neutrality, lish. The skilful retreat of admiral Corn- and provided for the peace of the north of wallis, with a small squadron of five ships of Germany. The king of Spain was also inthe line, from a far superior force, is entitled duced to agree to a pacification with the victo be mentioned. On the sixteenth of June, torious republic. In the former part of the near the Penmarks, the Phaeton frigate made year the French met with great success over a signal for an enemy's fleet, consisting of the troops of the Spanish monarch, and thirteen line-of-battle ships. At nine the threatened him not only with the loss of connext morning the French began the attack, siderable provinces, but with the propagation which was vigorously repelled by the Eng- of revolutionary doctrines among his people. lish, who kept up a running fight the whole To avert these dangers, the king of Spain day, without suffering the enemy to gain the purchased peace by the resignation of that least advantage. At length, by throwing part of the island of St. Domingo which the out signals as if to another British fleet in Spaniards had possessed ever since the time sight, the assailants were induced to sheer of Columbus. Even the elector of Hanover, off. On the twenty-third, however, off Port though he remained the most active member L'Orient, the same French squadron actually of the confederacy in his capacity of king fell in with another fleet, under lord Brid- of Great Britain, nevertheless ordered a port, which captured three of them, the rest treaty of peace to be signed with the French, of the squadron only escaping into L'Orient as far as related to the electorate; as did by keeping close in shore. On the other also the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. The hand, the French made, in the month of Oc-grand duke of Tuscany, brother of the emtober, a capture of thirty merchantmen from peror, and the first of all the potentates who the Mediterranean and Levant, with a ship had joined the coalition, was likewise inof the line, constituting part of the convoy. duced to recognize the French republic; and They also made prize of part of a Jamaica through the intervention of his minister, fleet; and, indeed, both in this and the pre-count Carletti, he concluded at Paris a sepaceding year, the British trade suffered im- rate treaty of peace with the convention, mensely from their attacks, while their own and resumed openly his original system of declining commerce presented few objects neutrality. The regent of Sweden, followof reprisal for our cruisers and privateers. ing the pacific policy of the grand duke, Notwithstanding their disparity of naval sent the baron de Stael to Paris, to assure force, the French, after recovering the whole the French nation of the friendship enterof Guadaloupe, attacked, with success, the tained for them by the court of Stockholm. fort of Tiburon, in St. Domingo, and made OPERATIONS IN LA VENDEE.-UNSUC themselves masters of St. Eustatius. St. CESSFUL EXPEDITION TO QUIBERON Lucia, after a violent and bloody conflict, BAY. was reluctantly evacuated by the governor- AN entire change took place in the congeneral, Stewart; and Grenada, Dominico, duct of the civil war in La Vendée. After and St. Vincent's, were preserved with great some preliminary negotiations in the begindifficulty. In Jamaica a strife long subsisted ning of February, Charette, and the princiwith the Maroons, a tribe which on the sur-pal chiefs of his army, on behalf of the Venrender of the island by the Spaniards to the déans, and general Comartin on the part of English, refused to submit to the latter, and the Chouans, publicly signified their intenhad since occupied the mountainous part of tion to deliver up their arms and magazines, the country. After many conflicts in which and to live for the future in subjection to the they were nearly exterminated, those who existing government. Conferences were remained consented to be removed to Cana- opened at a farm-house near Nantes beda, where a portion of land was allotted to tween the insurgent chiefs and the deputies them. from the convention; and on the seventh of FRENCH MAKE PEACE WITH PRUSSIA, March a treaty of peace was concluded, SPAIN, &c. signed, and ratified, at Nantes. The hopes, On the continent the French courted the however, that this peace would be perma

INSURRECTION IN PARIS.-DEATH OF
THE DAUPHIN.

tent, were soon proved to be delusive. The dalous breach of faith, tried, condemned, and republican government, on the plea of bad executed as traitors: one hundred and eightyfaith, refused to advance the sums stipulated seven royalists, including the bishop of Dol, by the treaty of the seventh of March; and and several of his clergy, who had accomseveral of the chiefs having been arrested panied the expedition, were murdered in for holding a traitorous correspondence with cold blood on this occasion. The British the English government, the country was squadron hovered on the coast for some time, again in arms early in June, under the com- and, having failed in the attempt to take the mand of Charette and Stofflet. The British island of Noirmoutier, succeeded in gaining government, however, appeared unwilling possession of Isle Dieu. to adopt any decisive plan of operations on the French coast, and determined to let the royalists act for themselves, with such assist- THE two parties who had combined to ance of arms and money as England could overthrow the tyranny of Robespierre soon afford. Agreeably to this decision, a small showed that they could not exist together; armament was prepared in the month of and on the second of March a report was June: it consisted of all the emigrant nobil- presented to the convention, in which Barity then in England, who had enlisted in rere, Collot d'Herbois, and Billaud Varennes, their service, with more zeal than prudence; were accused of having participated in the a number of French prisoners of war, who enormities of Robespierre, and, after underwere republicans in heart, and who only going the usual form of trial, it was decreed wanted an opportunity to return to their na- that they should be transported to Guiana. tive country. The whole formed a body of The proceedings against these deputies, about three thousand men, who were landed united with the pressure of famine, which on a peninsula in the Bay of Quiberon, on at that moment was felt with peculiar sethe southern coast of Brittany, on the twenty- verity, occasioned an insurrection in Paris, seventh of June. Here they attacked a fort which broke out on the first of April, and defended by three thousand republicans, was not suppressed till the following day. which they speedily reduced; and were, in Another insurrection took place in Paris on a few days, joined by a body of Chouans, the twentieth of May, when the rallying exwho increased their numbers to twelve thou- clamation was, "Bread, and the constitution sand. In order to confine the royalists to of 1793!" This was followed by insurrections the contracted space of the peninsula which in the departments, but they were all at length they occupied, their opponents erected three suppressed. forts at the neck of it. These the former On the ninth of June, the only son of the attacked on the night of the fifteenth of late unfortunate Louis the sixteenth, termiJuly, and carried two of them; but being nated his sufferings in the prison of the Temexcessively galled by a masked battery, on ple, where he had been confined from the their approach to the third, they were com- fatal autumn of 1792. On this event the pelled to retreat; and were indebted for committee of public safety proposed the extheir safety to the seasonable fire from the change of his sister, who remained a prisBritish ships. The failure of this attempt oner in the Temple, for the deputies Semproduced dissensions among the royalists, onville and Maret, who had been delivered which were reported, with great exaggera- up to Austria by Dumouriez, which was, tions, no doubt, to the republican general, after some delay, acceded to. The count de Hoche, by those French prisoners who had Provence, the legitimate heir to the throne been enlisted in England, and who now de- of the Bourbons, was now styled Louis the serted. Through the treachery of these mis- eighteenth. creants Hoche obtained the watch-word of NEW FRENCH CONSTITUTION. the royalists, whose camp he surprised in THE plan of a new constitution was drawn the night of the twentieth of July, and took up by a committee appointed for that puror slew the greater part of them. The pose, and on the twenty-third of August deyoung count de Sombreuil, however, at the clared complete. The legislative power was head of a gallant body of emigrants, con- vested in two councils, the one consisting tinued to make such a desperate resistance, of five hundred, and the other of two hunthat Hoche was induced to enter into a ca- dred and fifty members; to the former of pitulation with them, by which they were to which, styled the Legislative Council, bebe treated as prisoners of war, and their longed the proposing, and to the latter, the personal safety insured. All the stores, am- Senate, or Council of Elders, the confirming munition, and baggage, fell into the hands of laws. The executive power was deleof the enemy. Thus ended this abortive at- gated to a directory of five persons. On tempt, in which some of the best blood of this constitution two decrees were ingrafted, ancient France was shed. Sombreuil and which, in their consequences, plunged the his gallant associates were, by a most scan-metropolis of France into another of those VOL. IV.

85