In the Citadel is an obelisk 76 ft. high, erected in memory of Minin and Pojarsky, the deliverers of Moscow

The town is noted for its great annual fair, which takes place in July and August, and which is attended by upwards of 200,000 persons. It is held on a spacious plain between the two rivers Oka and Volga. In the midst of this space, towards the end of July, an immense township suddenly starts into existence, having churches, hospitals, barracks and theatres. A handsome building is erected in the centre of the bazaar in which, during the continuance of the fair, the governor of the town, with a numerous train of officials resides.

Round the public offices are ranged the European wares. Next follow the Armenians. Nearly a whole side of the bazaar is occupied by the Chinese market, in which tea is the chief article of trade. Here are merchants from Europe; Bokharians, Khivans, Kirghizes, Tartars, Armenians, Persians, and Chinese, all engaged in buying and selling, and surrounded by a motley group of visitors, not less amusing, in their individual characteristics, than the fair itself.

Merchandise to the amount of £16,000,000, often changes hands during the short time the fair lasts.

ROUTE 197.

ST PETERSBURG TO BERLIN, BY WARSAW.

(The route from St Petersburg to Wilna, is described in Route 194; that between Bromberg and Berlin, in Route 136.)

From St Patersburg to Warsaw, 652 miles; first class, 39 r. 21 c.; third, 15r. 4 c.

EAVING Wilna, we pass several stations, including Poreche

(77 miles), (Buffet), and reach Grodno, a town of 25,000 inhabitants, situated on the Niemen. It was the ancient capital of Lithuania, and subsequently the residence of the kings of Poland. Here are some handsome churches, a palace, and a fine bridge across the river. Passing Bialystok, population 15,000, and several other places, we reach Lapy (1633 miles), (Buffet), and about four hours afterwards WARSAW (256 miles), (Hotels:

see

HOTEL LIST), population, 185,000. This was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Poland; it is situated on the left bank of the Vistula, and is connected by a bridge of boats with the suburb of Praga, on the opposite side of the river. It is enclosed by a rampart and fosse, entered by ten gates, and defended by a vast citadel, recently erected.

It has several large public squares, among which that of Sigismund, adorned with a bronze colossal statue of Sigismund III., is particularly deserving of notice.

Among the principal public buildings, are, the Cathedral of

St John, a Gothic building of great beauty, containing statuettes and many interesting monuments, including one by Thorwaldsen; the Church of the Holy Cross; Carmelite and Lutheran churches, the latter a fine structure; the Zamek, or ancient palace of the Polish kings; the Palace of Casimir, adorned in front with a statue of Copernicus; the Saxon palace, with fine gardens and a promenade; the Krasinsky palace; the arsenal, mint, exchange, and national theatre.

Warsaw is an extensive commercial emporium, and has two large annual fairs, each of which lasts three weeks.

Of the castles in the vicinity, 'the residence of Sobieski is still remarked for its beautiful gardens, and for an equestrian statue of John Sobieski.

Since 1815, Warsaw has been the residence of a viceroy, representing the Emperor of Russia.

Leaving Warsaw, we pass Ruda Guzovska (28 miles), and reach SKIERNIEWITZ (42 miles), popula

tion, 3200. Here a branch goes to Vienna. Lovitsh, population, 5000, situated on the Bzur, is a commercial town, celebrated for its horse fairs. Kutno, situated on the Okhna, has 6000 inhabitants. Vlotslavek, population, 8000, situated on the Vistula. A considerable trade is done here in corn. Alexandrov is the last Russian station. The first Prussian station is Otloczyn. We presently reach THORN, (Hotel: Sans Souci), a town of 16,500 inhabitants, situated on the right bank of the Vistula, opposite Podgureze, with which it is connected by a bridge about 900 yards long. This was the birthplace of the great astronomer, Copernicus, whose tomb is in the church of St John. The Hotel-de-Ville is partly of the fourteenth, partly of the sixteenth century. The Krumme Thurm is a leaning tower, about 50 feet high. We observe a curious old gateway, called Kulmer Thor, the ruins of a castle dating from the thirteenth centry, and tower called Katzenschwanz. BROMBERG.

DENMARK.

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HE continental portion of Denmark is bounded on the north by the channel of the Skagerrack, on the west by the North Sea, on the south by Germany, and on the east by the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat.

The total area is 14,553 English square miles, and the population, at the last census, was 1,940,362.

The continental portion of Denmark belongs to the great

European plain, and is almost entirely level. There are some inequalities of surface in the interior of Holstein, but the elevation is very inconsiderable. The coasts are generally low, and the western shores are in many places protected from inundations of the sea by means of dykes, as in Hol. land.

The rivers are inconsiderable in point of size; the Eyder, which forms the boundary between Sleswig and Holstein, flows into the North Sea, and is navigable for small vessels below the town of Rendsburg, whence a canal