was mentioned that he was about 40 years old, though he had told his apothecary some time before his death, that he thought he must be 60. Iardiately after his death, his apparel, linen, clothes, matraffes, and in fhort every thing that had be ufed by him, were burnt; the walls of were fcraped, the floor taken up, evides the apprehenfion that he might have fans of writing any thing that would have ed who he was. Nay, fuch was the fear having left a letter, or any mark which lead to a discovery, that his plate was meltdon; the glass was taken out of the window room and pounded to duft; the windowfe and doors burnt; and the ceiling of the Dum, and the plafter of the infide of the chimey, taken down. Several perfons have affirmed, that the body was buried without a head; and M. Foix informs us in his Effais Hiftoriques, that agentleman having bribed the fexton, had the body taken up in the night, and found a ftone tead of the head." The natural inference thefe extraordinary accounts is, that the mafque was not only a perfon of high , but muft have been of great confe ece; and that his being concealed was of bestoft importance to the king and miniftry, ong the various conjectures that have been fed concerning the real name and condition of remarkable perfonage, none appear to have probability except the following: That he Tafon of Anne of Auftria, queen to Lewis and confequently that he was a brother of Le XIV.; but whether a baftard brother, a brogerman, or a half brother, is a queftion that given rife to three feveral opinions, viz. 1. That queen proved with child at a time when it was it could not have been by her husband, , for fome months before, had never been ter in private. The fuppofed father of this 4s faid to have been the duke of Buckingham, came to France in May 1625, to conduct the es Henrietta, wife of Charles I. to England. private letters and memoirs of those times very fufpiciously of the queen and Buckhis behaviour at Amiens, whither the and queen-mother accompanied the prinher way to Boulogne, occafioned much tering; and it appears that the king, on this , was extremely offended at her, and that required all the influence and addrefs of the mother to effect a reconciliation. It is faid, this child was privately brought up in the y; that when Mazarin became a favourite, entrufted with the care of him; and that LXIV. having difcovered the fecret on the of the cardinal, thought it neceffary to conim in the manner above related. 2. The 2d the moft probable opinion is, that he was the brother of Lewis XIV. born fome hours after This first appeared in a fhort anonymous published without date, or name of place inter. It is therein faid, "Lewis XIV. was at St Germains en Laye, on the 5th Sept. about noon; and the illuftrious prifoner, by the appellation of the Iron mafque, was the fame day, while Lewis XIII. was at fup1. XIV. PART I. per. The king and the cardinal, fearing that the pretenfions of a twin-brother might one day he employed to renew thofe civil wars with which France had been fo often afflicted, cautiously concealed his birth, and fent him away to be brought up privately." This opinion was confirmed in a work called Memoires de Marechal Duc de Richlieu, written by the Abbé Soulavie; in which it is af ferted, that "The birth of the prifoner happened in the evening of the 5th Sept. 1638, in presence of the chancellor, the bifhop of Meaux, the author of the MS. a midwife named Peronéte, and a fieur Honorat. This circumstance greatly dif turbed the king's mind; he obferved, that the Salique law had made no provifion for fuch a cafe. By the advice of Card. Richlieu, it was therefore refolved to conceal his birth, but to preserve his life, in case, by the death of his brother, it should be neceffary to avow him. A declaration was drawn up, and figned and fworn to by all present, in which every circumftance was mentioned, and feveral marks on his body defcribed. This document being fealed by the chancellor with the royal feal, was delivered to the king; and all took an oath never to speak on the fubject, not even in private and among themfelves. The child was delivered to the care of Madame Peronéte, to be under the direction of cardinal Richlieu, at whofe death the charge devolved to cardinal Mazarin. Mazarin appointed the author of the MS. his go vernor, and entrusted to him the care of his education. But as the prifoner was extremely attached to Madame Peronéte, and the equally fo to him, the remained with him till her death. His gover nor carried him to his houfe in Burgundy, where he paid the greatest attention to his education, As the prifoner grew up, he became impatient to difcover his birth, and often importuned his governor on that fubject. His curiofity had been roufed, by obferving that meflengers from the court frequently arrived at the houfe; and a box, containing letters from the queen and the cardi nal, having one day been inadvertently left out, he opened it, and faw enough to guess at the fecret. From that time he became thoughtful and melancholy, which (fays the author) I could not then account for. He fhortly after asked me to get him a portrait of the late and prefent king; but I put him off, by faying, that I could not procure any that were good. He then defired me to let him go to Dijon; which I have known fince was with an intention of feeing a portrait of the king there, and of going fecretly to St John de Lus, where the court then was, on occafion of the marriage with the infanta. He was beautiful; and love helped him to accomplish his wishes. He had captivated the affection of a young housekeeper, who procured him a portrait of the king. It might have ferved for either of the brothers; and the difcovery put him into fo violent a paffion, that he immediately came to me with the portrait in his hand, faying, Voila mon frere, et voila qui je fuis, showing me at the fame time a letter of the cardinal de Mazarin that he had taken out of the box' Upon this discovery his governor immediately fent an exprefs to court to communicate what had happened, and to de E fre are new inftructions; the confequence of which was, that the governor and the young prince under his care were arrefted and confined. The author of this memoir concludes, "I have fuffered with him in our common prifon: I am now fummoned to appear before my Judge on high; and for the peace of my foul, I cannot but mase this declaration, which may point out to him the means of freeing himfelf from his prefent ignominious fituation, in cafe the king his brother fhould die without children. Can an extorted oath compel me to obferve fecrecy on a thing fo incredible, but which ought to be left on record to pofterity?" 3d, The 3d opinion is, that he was a fon of the queen by cardinal Mazarin, born about a year after the death of her husband Lewis XIII.; that he was brought up fecretly; and that foon after the death of the cardinal, on the 9th March 1661, he was fent to Pignerol. To this account Father Griffet justly objects," that it was needlefs to mafque a face that was unknown; and therefore that this opinion does not merit difcuf. fion." (Traité de la Verite de l'Histoire, p. 318.) In deed, it feems totally unaccountable, that fo much care thould have been taken to conceal a child of the queen by the cardinal, who, whether they were privately married or not, could never have had the most diftant claim to the crown of France, The conjectures advanced by other authors, that he was the duke of Monmouth, the count of Vermandois, or the duke of Beaufort, &c. are ftill more improbable. (1.) * MASQUERADE. n. f. [from mafque.] 1. A diverfion in which the company is mafked. What guards the purity of melting maids, In courtly balls and midnight masquerades, Safe from the treach'rous friend, and daring fpark? Pope. 2. Difguife. I was upon the frolic this evening, and came to vifit thee in mafquerade. Dryden.Truth, of all things the plainest and fincereft, is forced to gain admittance in difguife, and court us in masquerade. Felton. (2.) A MASQUERADE, or MASCARADE, ($1, def. 1.) is an affembly of perfons mafqued, meeting to dance and divert themfelyes. This was much in ufe among us, and has been long a very common practice abroad, especially in carnival time. The word is derived from the Italian maftarata, and that from the Arabic mafcara, which fignifies raillery, or buffoonery. Granacci, who died in 1543, is faid to have been the first inventor of mafquerades. To MASQUERADE, v. n. [from the noun.] 1. To go in difguife. A freak took an afs in the head, and he goes into the woods masquerading. L'Efrange. 2. To affemble in masks.-I find that our art hath not gained much by the happy revival of masquerading among us. Savift. * MASQUERADER. n. f. [from masquerade.] A perfon in a mafk.-The moft dangerous fort of cheats are but masqueraders under the vifor of friends. L'Etrange. MASQUINONGE, a lake of Canada. MASKRAKITHA, a pneumatic inftrument of mufic among the ancient Hebrews, compofed of pipes of various sizes, fitted into a kind of wooden choll, open at the top, and stopped at the bot tom with wood covered with a skin. Wind w conveyed to it from the lips, by means of a pi fixed to the cheft: the pipes were of lengths mi fically proportioned to each other, and the mel dy was varied at pleasure, by stopping and u topping with the fingers the apertures at the u per extremity. See Plate CCV. fig. 9. MASRI, a town of Perfia, in Kerman. (1) MASS. n. f. [maffe, French; massa, La 1. A body; a lump; a continuous quantity.it were not for thefe principles, the bodies of t earth, planets, comets, fun, and all things in the would grow cold and freeze, and become inact males. Newton. Some paffing into the por others adhering in lumps or maffes to their ou fides, fo as wholly to cover and involve it in t mass they together conftituted. Woodward. 2. large quantity. Thy fumptuous buildings, and thy wife's a tire, Sha Have coft a mass of public treasury. He difcovered to me the richest mines whi the Spaniards have, and from whence all the m of gold that comes into Spain is drawn. Raleigh. He had spent a huge mass of treasure in transpor ing his army. Davies. 3. Bulk; vaft body.-T Creator of the world would not have framed huge a mass of earth but for some reasonable cre tures to have their habitation. Abbot. Sha This army of fuch mass and charge, Led by a delicate and tender prince. 4. Congeries; aflemblage indiftinct.-The who knowledge of groupes, of the lights and fhadow and of thofe maffes which Titian calls a bunch grapes, is, in the prints of Rubens, expofed clea ly to the fight. Dryden. At diftance, through an artful glafs, They lofe their forms, and make a mass Confus'd and black, if brought too near, Prie Where flowers grow, the ground at a distanc feems covered with them, and we muft walk in it before we can diftinguith the feveral weeds th fpring up in fuch a beautiful mafs of colours. A difon. 5. Grofs body; the general; the bulk Comets have power over the grofs and mafs things; but they are rather gazed upon than wil ly obferved in their effects. Bacon. Where'er thou art, he is; th' eternal mind Fills ocean, earth, and air, and all above, And through the universal mass does move. Dryde -The mass of the people have opened their eye and will not be governed by Clodius and Cur Swift.-If there is not fufficient quantity of blo and ftrength of circulation, it may infect the whe mass of the fluids. Arbuthnot. 6. [Miffa, Lat The fervice of the Romish church.-Burni gold is that manner of gilding which we fee in parchment and mafs books, done by monks priests; who were very expert herein. Peacham He infers, that then Luther muft have been pardonably wicked in using masses for 15 yea Atterbury. (2.) MASS, in mechanics, is the matter of a body cohering with it, i. e. moving and gravi ting along with it; in which fenfe, majs is diff guifhed from bulk or volume, which is the MAS (35) pafon of a body in length, breadth, and thickThe mafs of any body is rightly estimated by weight; and the maffes of two bodies of the fame weight are in a reciprocal ratio of their (1) Mass, (1. def. 6.) is the prayers used at the creation of the eucharift, in confecrating the bread and wine into the body and blood of Chrit ad offering them, fo tranfubftantiated, apatory facrifice for the quick and the By the Roman Catholics it is in general bed to be a reprefentation of the paffion of fed Saviour; fo every action of the prieft, ad every particular part of the fervice, is fuppied to allude to the particular circumftances of paffion and death. Nicod, after Baronius, erves that the word miffa comes from the Hebeach, oblatum; or from the Latin missa, ; becaufe formerly the catechumens and texamunicated were fent out of the church, en the deacons faid, Ite, miffa eft, after fermon d reading of the epiftle and gofpel; they not Ming allowed to affift at the confecration Mee derives the word from miffio, dismissing: etters from miffa, fending; because in the mafs, prayers of men on earth are fent up to heaven. The general divifion of maffes confifts in high and The former are fung by the chorifters, and celebrated with the affiftance of a deacon and fubdacon; the latter are those in which the prayers ae barely rehearsed without finging. There is get number of different occafional maffes in the Romish church, many of which have nothing peculiar but the name; fuch are the maffes of the fits; that of St Mary of the fnow, celebrated ; that of St Margaret, patronefs of lyingwomen; that of the feaft of St John the Bapat which are faid three maffes; that of the bocents, at which the gloria in excelfis and the ajah are omitted, and it being a day of Bourning, the altar is of a violet colour. As to nary malfes, fome are faid for the dead, and tipoofed to contribute to fetch the foul out of purgatory: at these maffes the altar is put in ouring, and the only decorations are a crofs in the middle of fix yellow wax lights; the drefs of decelebrant, and the very mafs book, are black; y parts of the office are omitted, and the people are difmiffed without the benediction, If the mafs be faid for a perfon diftinguished by his rank or virtues, it is followed with a funeral uration; they erect a chapelle ardente, that is, a redentation of the deceased, with branches and ters of yellow wax, either in the middle of the dach, or near the deceased's tomb, where the pronounces a folemn abfolution of the ded. There are likewife private maffes faid for holen or ftrayed goods or cattle, for health, for travellers, &c. which go under the name of maffes. There is ftill a further diftinction maffes denominated from the countries in which they were ufed; thus the Gothic mafs, or Molarabum, ufed among the Goths when ey were mafters of Spain, which is ftill kept up Toledo and Salamanca; the Ambrofian mafs, compofed by St Ambrofe, and ufed only at Mi, of which city he was bishop; the Gallic mafs, fed by the ancient Gauls; and the Roman mafs, MAS used by almost all the churches in the Romish (4.) MASS OF THE PRESANCTIFIED, (mia præfanctificatorum), is a mass peculiar to the Greek church, in which there is no confecration of the elements; but after finging fome hymns, they receive the bread and wine which was before confecrated. This mafs is performed all Lent, except on Saturdays, Sundays, and the annunciation. The priest counts upon his fingers the days of the enfuing week on which it is to be celebrated, and cuts off as many pieces of bread at the altar as he is to fay maffes; and after having confecrated them, fteeps them in wine, and then puts them in a box; out of which, upon every occafion, he takes fome of it with a spoon, and putting it on a difh fets it upon the altar. (1.) To MASs. v. a. [from the noun.] It seems once to have fignified to thicken; to ftrengthen. They feared the French might, with filling or maffing the houfe, or elfe by fortifying, make fuch a piece as might annoy the haven. Hayward, (2.) To MASS. v. n. [from the noun.] To celebrate mafs.-Their maffing furniture they took from the law, left having an altar and a prieft, they should want veftiments. Hooker. (1.) MASSA, an ancient, populous, and handfome town of Italy, in the dep. of Croftolo, and one of the capitals of the diftrict of Mafla and Carrara; with a ftrong caftle. It is famous for its quarries of fine marble, and is situated in Lon 14. 23. E. Lat. 40. 40. N. (2.) MASSA, a town of Naples, in Lavora, with a bishop's fee; feated on a mountain near the fea. Lon. 10. o. E. Lat. 43. 5. N. (3.) MASSA, a ci-devant duchy of Italy, between Genoa and Tufcany. See $5. (4.) MASSA, a town of Etruria, in the duchy of Sienna; famous for borax, lapis lazuli, &c. It is a bishop's fee; and lies 24 miles SW. of Sienna, and 45 SE. of Pifa. (5.) MAGSA AND CARRARA, ‘a district of Italy, in the department of Croftolo, and ci-devant du. chy of Modena; comprehending the late principalities of Maffa and Carrara. Its population, in May 1801, was 42,608. (1.) MASSACHUSETTS, one of the 17 United States of N. America, bounded on the E. by the Atlantic; S. by that ocean, and the States of Rhode Inland and Connecticut; W. by New York; and N. by Vermont and New Hampshire. It lies between Lon. 69. 57; and 73. 38. W. and betweep Lat. 41. 13. and 43. 52. N. (2.) MASSACHUSETTS, CLIMATE, EXTENT, SOIL, PRODUCE, POPULATION, MANUFACTURES, The climate of this ftate TRADE, &c. OF. is the fame with that of NEW ENGLAND, of which it was formerly a province. It is eft mated fo contain 6250 fquare miles; but its length and breadth are variously stated by geographers. Mr Jofeph Scott, in his United States Gazetteer, makes it 115 miles long, and 93 broad, exclufive of the islands; the Rev. Mr Cruttwell, in his Univerfal Gazetteer, ftates its length at 120 miles, but the breadth at only 45; Dr Brookes and J. Walker, in their Gazetteers, make it 150 miles long and 60 broad; while the Rev. Dr Morfe, in his Univerfal Geography, (Boston, 1795,) made it E 2 425 lies, without schools, are subjected to a penalty o L.10. The American Academy of Arts and Scien ces was inftituted in 1780; and a Society for th aid of Emigrants, in 1793. There are 6 bank in this ftate.-Maffachusetts was firft fettled i 1628 (fee AMERICA, 10); and the inhabitants by their charter, had the power of choofing thei governor and other magiftrates, and of makin the r own laws. But in the arbitrary reign Charles II. they were deprived of their chart and all their privileges, and, like LONDON i felf, fubjected to the will of the court. Soon a ter the revolution in 1688, however, they of tained a new charter, reftoring many of the former privileges, but retaining much power the hands of the crown and the governor, wi was appointed by the king, and nominated th inferior judges, militia, &c. though the peop ftill elected the members of affembly and counc &c. But the declaration of independence by th Congress being proclaimed at Boston, on the 251 July 1776, the citizens met foon after, and dre up a new conftitution, which was established Oct. 1780. 325 miles long, and 50 broad; but in his American Gazetteer for 1798. the Dr makes its greatest length 190 miles, and its greatest breadth 90. It is divided into 17 counties, v z. Suffolk, Norfolk, Effex, Middlefex, Hampshire, Plymouth, Bristol, Barntable, Duke's county, Nantucket, Worcefter, Berkshire, York, Cumberland, Lincoln, Hancock, and Washington. There were about 270 towns in 1795- he chief cities are BosTON, SALEM, CAMBRIDGE, CONCORD, New bury, Charlestown, Worcester, and Northampton. The foil confifts of all kinds of varieties, from the beft to the worft; and produces Indian corn, wheat, rye barley, oats, potatoes, peas, beans, flax, hemp, hops, apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, &c. The principal rivers are the Hou. fatonick, Deerfield, Connecticut, Merrimack, Nashua, Concord, Charles, and Nepoufet. Cape Ann and Cape Cod are the chief promontories. The principal bays are Bofton, Plymouth, Barnftable, Buzzard's, and Maffachusetts. The chief iflands are Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Elizabeth and Plumb ifland. Great quantities of iron ore, and feveral mineral waters, are found in this ftate; also copper ore, plumbago, marble, alum, (3.) MASSACHUSETTS, CONSTITUTION OF. A flates, red and yellow ochre, &c. and in fome ter expreffing the gratitude of the citizens to th places ASBESTOS. The western part of it is Great Legiflator of the Universe, "the conftit mountainous. The highest mountain is Wachu- tion" (fays Dr Morfe) "afferis the natural libert fett, in Prince Town, which is feen 67 miles dif- and equality of men; libery of confcience; fre tant. The number of citizens, in 1790, was dom of the prefs; trial by jury; fovereignty ar 378,787, and the population is rapidly increafing. independence; that all power is in the peopl To their honour, there is not a fingle flave in the that hereditary honours and emoluments are i whole ftate; flavery having been abolished by the admiffible; that every subject is entitled to pr leilature. Trade and manufactures are carried tection of life, liberty, and property; and, in r on to a greater extent in this than in any other turn, muft obey the laws, and pay his proporti ftate in the American Republic. Iron works, in of the common expenfe; that he fhall not be o general, and particularly nail-making, employ liged to accufe himself, but may be heard in h great numbers. By a machine invented by Mr own defence; that he may keep arms, but ftan Caleb Leach, groo nails are made in one day, ing armies fhall not be allowed in time of peac under the direction of a boy or girl; and by ano- that no tax fhall be levied, without the confent ther machine, invented by Mr Jacob Perkins, the people by their representatives; that no 200,000 nails can be made in a day, faid to be fu- poft fado law thall be made; that the martial la perior to thofe of English manufacture. Paper of hall extend only to men in actual military fervic all kinds is alfo manufactured to the amount of that the legislative, executive, and judiciary po L.20,000 a-year. Manufactures of cottons, wool- ers fhall be kept diftin&t, &c.-The power of lens, fail-clo'hs, fnuff, oil, cards, fhoes, laces, &c. giflation is lodged in a general court, confifting are likewife carried on; and in 1792, there were two branches, viz. a Senate and House of R 62 diftilleries employed, which distilled near two prefentatives, each having a negative upon t millions of gallons, and yielded a revenue of other. They meet yearly on the laft Tuef. in Ma 209,000 dollars. This ftate and that of MAINE No act can be paffed without the approbation employ above 3 times as many fhips as any other the governor, unlefs two 3ds of both branch state; and poflefs indeed more than one 3d part are in favour of it after a revifal. Either brand of the whole fhipping of the United States. Up- or the governor and council, may require t wards of 35,000 tons are employed in the fish-inion of the juftices of the fupreme judic erics; 56,0co in the coafting trade; and 120,560 in trading with most parts of the civilized world. Pot and pearl afhes, ftaves, lint-feed, bees wax, &c. are exported to Britain; fish and oil, to France, Spain, and Portugal; vegetables, to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; hats, faddlery, cabinet work, fhoes, nails, and provifions, to the Southern States; mafts, provifions, &c. to the E. Indies, and umber, fish, oil, beef, pork, and candies, to the W. Indies. Mills and bridges are numerous, and inland navigation, by canals, has been commenced in feveral counties. Academies, colleges, literary, medical, and charitable focieties, are alfo numerous; and towns of 50 fami court upon important queftions. Senators a chofen by diftricts, of which there cannot be l than 13. The number of counsellors and ferat for the whole commonwealth is 40. The numb for each district is in proportion to their pub taxes; but no district shall be so large as to ha more than 6. Sixteen fenators make a quoru The reprefentatives are chofen by the feve towns, according to their numbers of rateal polls. From 150 polls one is elected; and for e ry additional 225, an additional one. Their trav ling expenfes, to and from the general court, are frayed by the public, but their wages for atter ance are paid by their own towns. Impeachme mazzare, Italian.] 1. Carnage; flaughter; butchery; indifcriminate deftruction.Of whom fuch massacre Make they, but of their brethren? Milton. Slaughter grows murder, when it goes too far, And makes a massacre what was a war. Dryd. 2. Murder. fer mifconduct in office are made by the reprefentatives, and tried by the fenate; but the judgment cely go to removal from office, and future qualification. Money bills originate in the bode of reprefentatives, but may be altered by tete. Reprefentatives are privileged from efne procefs. Sixty members make a The fupreme executive authority is governor, who is elected annually by thep, and has a council, confifting of the I governor, and 9 gentlemen chofen out 0240, who are returned for counsellors and Five counsellors make a quorum. The perter is commander of all the military force de commonwealth. He may convene the geteral court, may adjourn them when the two benches difagree about the time, and, in their ris, may prorogue them from time to time, exceeding 90 days, and may pardon convicts, the legiture alone can pardon before con dion. He commiffions all officers, and, with the advice of the counsel, appoints all judicial Eers Military officers are thus appointed; repective companies choose their captain fubalterns, who choose their regimental ofEn, who choose their brigadiers. The major als are appointed by the general court. Juf of the peace are commiffioned for 7 years; other judicial, and all executive and military e, continue during good behaviour; yet removeable by the governor, upon addrefs de legillature. The falaries of the governor juices of the fupreme court cannot be dizained, though they may be enlarged. Official Cancations are, for a voter, 21 years of age, one y' refidence, a freehold of 31. annual value, or be of any other eftate; for a reprefentative, 100l. cold, or 200l. other eftate, and one year's reence in the town; for a fenator, 300l. freehold, Soal, other eftate in the commonwealth, and Pars refidence in the diftrict: for governor, or governor, 1000l. freehold, and 7 years refiace. Every governor, lieut. governor, counfellenator, or reprefentative, muft declare that bes the Chriftian religion, and has the lequalifications. A governor, lieut. governor, udge of the fupreme court, can hold no other ice. No man can hold two of thefe offices: e of probates, sheriff, or regifter. No juftices of the fupreme court, fecretary, attorney general, balarer, judge of probates, inftructor of Harvard Colege, clerk, regifter, fheriff, or cuftom officer, A have a feat in the legislature. The privilege Habeas Corpus cannot be fufpended more than ar at one time. If two 3ds of the qualified 1 defire it, a convention fhall be called to rethe conftitution." The most arch deed of piteous massacre That ever yet this land was guilty of. Shak. (2.) MASSACRE, PARISIAN. The most atrocious inftance of inhuman massacre upon record is that called the Parifion MASSACRE, or Masacre of St Bartholemew's Day, which was carried on with fuch detestable perfidy and bloody cruelty, as would furpafs all belief, were it not attefted by the most undeniable evidence. Bloody as the French revolution has been in fome periods of it, and ferocious as the Maratists and Septembrisers were, it affords no inftance, in its whole courfe, of fuch accumulated treachery, cruelty, barbarity, and perfidy, as this; which was planned, carried on, and executed from a spirit of religious zeal, under the royal authority of the king of France. In 1572, in the reign of Charles IX. many of the principal proteftants were invited to Paris, under a folemn oath of fafety, upon occafion of the marriage of the king of Navarre with the French king's fifter. The queen dowager of Navarre, a zealous proteftant, was poifoned by a pair of gloves before the marriage was folemnized; and on the 24th Auguft, being Bartholomew's day, about day-break, upon the toll of the bell of the church of St Germain, the butchery began. The admiral was bafely murdered in his own house. (See FRANCE, $ 41, 42) After this the murderers ravaged the whole city of Paris, and butchered in three days above 10,000 lords, gentlemen, prefidents, and people of all ranks. An horrible fcene of things, fays Thuanus, when the very streets and paffages refounded with the noise of those that met together for murder and plunder; the groans of those who were dying, and the fhrieks of fuch as were juft going to be butchered, were every where heard, the bodies of the flain thrown out of the windows; the courts and chambers of the houfes filled with them; the dead bodies of others dragged through the ftreets, their blood running down the channels in torrents into the river; and, in a word, an innumerable multitude of men, women, maidens, children, and women with child, were all involved in one common deftruction; and the gates and entrances of the king's palace all befmeared with their blood. From Paris the maffacre fpread almoft throughout the whole kingdom. In the city of Meaux they threw above 200 into jail; and after they had ravished and killed a great number of women, and plundered the houses of the proteftants, they executed their fury on those they had imprifoned. In Orleans they murdered above 500 men, women, and children, and enriched themfelves with their spoil. The fame cruelties were practifed at Angers, Troyes, Bourges, Charite, and especially at Lyons, where they deftroyed above 800 proteltants; children hanging on their parents necks; parents embracing their children; putting ropes about their necks, dragging them through the streets, and throwing them, mangled, torn, |