fort; and this inclination is increased in proportion to the additional height of the maft, an inconvenience which it is neceffary to guard againft. Thas what is gained upon one hand is loft upon the other. To reconcile thefe differences, it is cert, that the height of the maft ought to be detened by the inclination of the veffel, and the point of her greatest inclination should bet term of this height above the centre of See the article TRIM. With regard to general practice of determining the height of ms, according to the different rates of the in the royal navy, fee the article SAIL. Te fecure the mafts, and counterbalance the han they receive from the effort of the fails impied by the wind, and the agitation of the ship afe, they are fuftained by feveral ftrong ropes, extended from their upper ends to the outfide of the veffel, called Shrouds, as reprefented in fig. 4. They are further fupported by other ropes, fretched from their heads towards the fore part if he reflel. dation, and another buildeth thereon. 1 Cor. iii. Her husband's to Aleppo gone, mafter o' th' 8. One uncontrouled. Let ev'ry man be mafter of his time Great, and increafing; but by fea (5) MASTS, IMPROVEMENTS, &C. OF. See 9. A compellation of respect.SHIP BUILDING. 6) MASTS, NAMES OF THE DIFFERENT. The rait, which is placed at the middle of the fhip's eg is called the main maft; that which is plared in the fore part, the fore mast; and that which towards the ftern, the mizen maft. Mizen is appd to this maft by all the nations of Europe, pt the French, who alone call the fore maft *MASTED. adj. [from mast.] Furnished with (1)*MASTER. n. f. [meefter, Dutch; maistre, Of this fair manfion, maßter of my servants, Take up thy mafter. Shak. Shak. Neither man nor mafter would take aught O thou, my friend, my genius, come along, Thou mafter of the poet, and the fong. Pope. Owner; proprietor; with the idea of governAn orator, who had undertaken to make a Peyrick on Alexander the Great, and who deployed the ftrongeft figures of his rhetoric the praife of Bucephalus, would do quite the try to that which was expected from him; le it would be believed, that he rather took horfe for his fubject than the mafter. Dryden. A lord; a ruler.-Wifdom and virtue are the qualifications in the master of a houfe. 1o. Shak, Shak. Shak. Master doctor, you have brought those drugs. Shak. Stand by, my mafters, bring him near the king. Shak. Mafters play here, I will content your pains, A young gentleman. Shak. If gaming does an aged fire entice, Dryden. -Mafter lay with his bedchamber towards the fouth fun; mifs lodg'd in a garret exposed to the north wind. Arbuth-Where there are little mafters and miffes in a houfe, they are impediments to the diverfions of the fervants. Swift. 11. One who teaches; a teacher; correlative to scholar or learner. He that was only taught by himself had a fool to his mafter. Ben Jonfon.-To the Jews joins the Egyptiane, the firft mafters of learning. South.-Maflers and teachers fhould not raife dif ficulties to their scholars. Locke. 12. A man eminently skilful in practice or feience. The great mocking mafter mock'd not then, When he faid, Truth was buried here below. Davies. -Spenfer and Fairfax, great maßlers of our language, faw much farther into the beauties of our numbers than thofe who followed. Dryden.A man must not only be able to judge of words and style, but he must be a mafler of them too. Dryden. He that does not pretend to painting, is not touched at the commendation of a mafter in that profeffion. Collier.-No care is taken to improve young men in their own language, that they may thoroughly understand, and be masters of it. Locke on Education. 13. A title of dignity in the univerfities; as, master of arts. (2.) MASTER, (§ 1. def. 1.) in English law, and domeftic economy. The relation of MASTER and SERVANT is founded in convenience, where by a man is directed to call in the afliftance of others, where his own fkill and labour will not be fufficient to anfwer the cares incumbent upon him. For the feveral forts of fervants, and how that character is created or defroyed, fee SER F 2 VANT, VANT. Here we fhall confider, firft, the effect of this relation with regard to the parties them felves; and, 2dly, its effects with regard to others. Blackstone obferves, 1. On the manner in which this relation affects either the mafter or fervant. That, ift, by hiring and service for a year, or apprenticeship under indentures, a perfon gains a fettlement in that parish wherein he laft ferved 40 days. 2dly,, Perfons ferving 7 years as apprentices to any trade have an exclufive right to exercife that trade in any part of England. This law, with regard to the exclufive part of it, has by turns been looked upon as a hard law, or as a beneficial one, according to the prevailing humour of the times: which has occafioned a great variety of refolutions in the courts of law concerning it; and attempts have been frequently made for its repeal, though hitherto without fuccefs. At common law every man might ufe what trade he pleafed; but this ftatute reitrains that liberty to fuch as have ferved as apprentices; the adverfaries to which provision say, that all reftrictions which tend to introduce monopolies are pernicious to trade; the advocates for it allege, that unfkilfulness in trades is equally detrimental to the public as monopolies. This reafon indeed on ly extends to fuch trades, in the exercise whereof kill is required: but another of their arguments goes much farther: viz. that apprenticeships are ufeful to the commonwealth, by employing youth, and learning them to be early induftrious; but that no one would be induced to undergo a 7 years fervitude, if others, though equally skilful, were allowed the fame advantages without having undergone the fame difcipline; and in this there feems to be much reafon. However, the refolutions of the courts have in general rather confined than extended the reftriction. No trades are held to be within the ftatute but fuch as were in being at the making of it: for trading in a country village, apprenticeships are not requifite, and following the trade 7 years is fufficient without any binding; for the ftatute only fays, the perfon muft ferve as an apprentice, and does not require an actual apprenticeship to have exifted. A mafter may by law correct his apprentice for negligence, or other mifbehaviour, fo it be done with moderation; though, if the mafter or master's wife beats any other fervant of full age, it is good caufe of departure. But if any fervant, workman, or labourer, affaults his mafter or dame, he fhall fuffer one year's imprisonment, and other open corporal punifhment, not extending to life or limb. By fervice all fervants and labourers, except apprentices, become entitled to their wages, according to agreement, if menial fervants; or according to the appointment of the fheriff or feffions, if labourers or fervants in hufbandry; for the ftatutes for reulation of wages extend to fuch fervants only; it being impoffible for any magiftrate to be a judge of the employment of menial fervants, or of course to affefs their wages. II. Let us now fee how ftrangers may be affected by this relation of master and fervant; or how a mafter may be. have towards others on behalf of his fervant, and what a fervant may do on behalf of his mafter. And, ift, the mafter may maintain, that is, abet and affist his fervant in any action at law againft a ftranger: whereas, in general, it is an offence against publicjuftice to encourage fuits and animofities, by helping to bear the expense of them, and is called in law MAINTENANCE. A mafter allo may bring an action against any man for beating or maiming his fervant; but in fuch cafe he must affign, as a special reafon for fo doing, his own damage by the lofs of his fervice; and this lofs muft be proved upon the trial. A mafter likewife may juftify an affault in defence of his fervant, and a fervant in defence of his mafter; the mafter, be cause he has an intereft in his fervant, not to be deprived of his fervice; the fervant, be caufe it is part of his duty, for which he receives his wages, to ftand by and defend his mafter Alfo, if any perfon do hire and retain my fer vant, being in my fervice, for which the fervan departeth from me, and goeth to ferve the other I may have an action for damages against boti the new mafter and the fervant, or either of them but if the new mafter did not know that he is my fervant, no action lies; unless he afterwards refuf to restore him upon information and demand The reafon and foundation upon which all thi doctrine is built, feem to be the property tha every man has in the fervice of his domeftics; ac quired by the contract of hiring, and purchased by giving them wages. As for those thing which a fervant may do on behalf of his mafter they feem all to proceed upon this principle that the mafter is anfwerable for the act of hi fervant, if done by his command, either exprefs ly given or implied: nam qui facit per alium, faci per fe. Therefore, if the fervant commits a tref pafs by the command or encouragement of hi mafter, the mafter shall be guilty of it; not tha the fervant is excufed, for he is only to obey hi mafter in matters that are honeft and lawful. I an innkeeper's fervants rob his guests, the mafte is bound to reftitution; for as there is a confi dence repofed in him, that he will take care to pro vide honeft fervants, his negligence is a kind o implied confent to the robbery; nam qui no prohibet, cum prohibere poffit, jubet. So likewife, i the drawer at a tavern fells a man bad wine whereby his health is injured, he may bring a action against the mafter; for although the mal ter did not exprefsly order the fervant to fell it t that perfon in particular, yet his permitting hin to draw and fell it at all is impliedly a genera command. In the fame manner, whatever a fer vant is permitted to do in the ufual course of hi bufinefs is equivalent to a general command. If pay money to a banker's fervant, the banker i anfwerable for it; if I pay it to a clergyman's a phyfician's fervant, whofe ufual bufinefs it is no to receive money for his mafter, and he embez zles it, I must pay it over again. If a fteward let a leafe of a farm, without the owner's knowledge the owner muft ftand to the bargain, for this i the steward's business. A wife, a friend, a rela tion, that ufe to tranfact bufinefs for a man, an quoad boc his fervants; and the principal must an Iwer for their conduct; for the law implies, tha they act under a general command; and with out fuch a doctrine as this no mutual intercourt between man and man could fubfift with any to lerable convenience. If I ufually deal with tradefma dan by myself, or conftantly pay him money, I am not anfwerable for what my takes up upon trust; for here is no implied order to the tradefman to truft my fervant: but aly fend him upon truft, or sometimes on radiometimes with ready money, I am anfor all he takes up; for the tradefman cast by diftinguish when he comes by my when upon his own authority. If a ferby his negligence does any damage to amger, the master shall answer for his neglect: san's fervant lames a horse while he is shoeaction lies against the mafter, and not the fervant. But in these cafes the damut be done while he is actually employed the matter's fervice; otherwife the fervant fwer for his own mifbehaviour. Upon this praciple, by the common law, if a fervant kept matter's fire negligently, fo that his neigh'shoufe was burned down thereby, an action againft the mafter; because this negligence happened in his fervice; otherwife if the fervant, pg along the street with a torch, by negligence re to a houfe; he is not in his mafter's im nedate fervice, and muft himself answer the daperfonally. But now the common law is in former cafe altered by ftat. 6. Ann. c. 3. which s, that no action fhall be maintained against an whofe house or chamber any fire fhall acally begin; for their own lofs is fufficient puent for their own or their fervant's careleff But if fuch fire happens through negligence ny fervant (whofe lofs is commonly very litfach fervant fhall forfeit 1ool. to be diftried among the sufferers; and, in default of ment, fhall be committed to fome workhoufe, there kept to hard labour for 18 months. A is, laftly, chargeable if any of his family thor cafteth any thing out of his houfe into treet or common highway, to the damage of ndividual, or the common nuifance of his ty's liege people: for the mafter hath the estendance of all his household. And this grees with the civil law, which holds, that pater-families, in this and fimiliar cafes, ob alculpam tenetur, five fervi, five liberi. In all cafes here put, the mafter may be frequently ofer by the truft repofed in his fervant, but necan be a gainer: he may frequently be anverable for his fervant's misbehaviour, but never Celter himfelf from punishment by laying the on his agent. The reafon of this is ftill and the fame; that the wrong done by fervant is looked upon in law as the wrong of mafter himself; and it is a ftanding maxim, a man shall be allowed to make any advana of his own wrong. MASTER, [MAGISTER,] was a title frequent ng the Romans: they had their mafter of the ople, magifter populi, who was the DICTATOR. ter of the cavalry, magifter equitum, who held econd poft in an army after the dictator. Unthe later emperors there were alfo mafters of fantry, magiftri peditum. A mafter of the as, magifter cenfus, who had nothing of the ge of a cenfor, or fubcenfor, as the name to intimate; but was the fame with the pra frumentariorum. (4.) MASTER AT ARMS, an officer appointed to teach the officers and crew of a fhip of war the exercife of small arms; to confine and plant centinels over the prifoners, and fuperintend whatever relates to them during their confinement. He is alfo to observe that the fire and lights are extinguished as foon as the evening gun is fired, except those which are permitted by proper authority, or under the infpection of centinels. It is likewife his duty to attend the gangway when any boats arrive aboard, and search them carefully, together with their rowers, that no fpirituous liquors may be conveyed into the fhip unlefs by permiffion of the commanding officer. In these several duties he is affifted by proper attendants, called his corporals, who alfo relieve the centinels and one another at certain periods. (5.) MASTER ATTENDANT is an officer in the royal dock-yards, appointed to haften and affift at the fitting out or difmantling, removing or fecuring veffels of war, &c. at the port where he refides. He is particularly to obferve, that his majeft's fhips are fecurely moored, and for this purpofe he is expected frequently to review the moorings which are funk in the harbour, and obferve that they are kept in proper repair. It is alfo his duty to vifit all the ships in ordinary, and see that they are frequently cleaned and kept in order; and to attend at the general mufters in the dockyards, taking care that all the officers, artificers, and labourers, registered at the navy books, are prefent at their duty. (6.) MASTER, GRAND, a title given to the chiefs of the orders of knighthood, &c. fuch as, the grand mafter of MALTA; of St Lazarus; of the GOLDEN FLEECE; of the FREE MASONS, &C. The late emperor Paul of Ruffia affumed the title of Grand master of Malta, upon the French taking poffeffion of the ifland; (fee MALTA, § 6.) but did not live to enforce his claim to it. (7) MASTER GUNNER. See GUNner, § 3. (8.) MASTER OF ARMS, [magifter armorum,] was an officer or comptroller in the lower empire under the master of the militia. See § 16. (9.) MASTER OF ARTS, the first degree taken up in foreign univerfities, as well as in those of Scotland; but the 2d in thofe of Cambridge and Oxford; candidates not being admitted to it till they have ftudied in the univerfity seven years. (10.) MASTER OF A SHIP, an officer to whom is committed the direction of a merchant vessel, who commands it in chief, and is charged with the merchandises aboard. In the Mediterranean the mafter is frequently called patron, and in long voyages captain. The proprietor of the veffel appoints the mafter; and the mafter provides the equipage, hires the pilots, failors, &c. The master is obliged to keep a register of the feamen and officers, the terms of their contract, the receipts and payments, and, in general, of every thing relating to his commiffion. (11.) MASTER OF A SHIP OF WAR, is an offi. cer appointed by the commiffioners of the navy, to take charge of navigating a fhip from port to port under the direction of the captain. The management and difpofition of the fails, the working of a fhip into her ftation in the order of battle, and the direction of her movements in the time of action, action, and in other circumftances of danger, are alfo more particularly under his inspection. It is likewife his duty to examine the provifions, and accordingly to admit none into the fhip but fuch as are found, fweet, and wholesome. He is moreover charged with the ftowage; and for the per formance of these services he is allowed several affiftants, who are properly termed mates and quarter-mafters. (12.) MASTER OF THE CEREMONIES, is an officer inftituted by King James I. for the more folemn and honourable reception of ambassadors, and strangers of quality, whom he introduces into the prefence.-The badge of this office is a gold chain and medal, having on one fide an emblem of peace, with K. James's motto; and on the reverse the emblem of war, with Dieu et mon droit. He is always fuppofed to be a perfon of good addrefs, and a mafter of languages, and has an appointment of 300l. a year: he is conftantly attending at court, and hath under him an affiftant mafter, or deputy at 6s. 8d. a day, who holds his place during the king's pleasure. There is alfo a 3d officer, called marshal of the ceremonies, with rool. a year, whofe bufinefs is to receive and diftribute the mafter's orders, or the deputy's, for the fervice; but without their order he can do nothing. This is the king's gift. (13.) MASTER OF THE FACULTIES, an officer under the Abp. of Canterbury, who grants licen⚫ ces and difpenfations: he is mentioned in ftat. 22 and 23 Car. II. See FACULTY, N° 3. (14.) MASTER OF THE HORSE, is reckoned the 3d great officer of the court, and is an office of great honour and antiquity, and always (when not put in commiffion) filled by noblemen of the higheft rank and abilities. He has the management and difpofal of all the king's stables and bred horfes. He has authority over the equerries and pages, coachmen, footmen, grooms, riders of the great horse, farriers, and fmiths. He appoints all the other tradefmen who work for the king's ftables; and by his warrant to the avenor, makes them give an oath to be true and faithful. In fhort, he is entrusted with all the lands and revenues appropriated for the king's breed of horfes, the expenfes of the ftable, and of the coaches, litters, &c. He alone has the privilege of making ufe of any of the king's horfes, pages, footmen, &c., and at any folemn calvacade he rides next the king, and leads a horse of state. His falary is L.1276: 13:4 per annum. There is alfo a mafter of the horse in the establishment of her majefty's household, with a salary of 800l. a year. (15.) MASTER OF THE HOUSEHOLD, is an offi. cer under the treasurer of the household, in the king's gift: his business is to furvey the accounts of the houfehold. He has L.66: 13:4 a-year wages, and L.433:6: 8 board wages. (16.) MASTER OF THE MILITIA, [magifter militia, was an officer in the lower empire, created, as it is faid, by Dioclefian, who had the infpection and government of all the forces, with power to punish, &c. fomewhat like a conftable of France. At first there were two of thefe officers inftituted, the one for the infantry, and the other for the cavalry; but the two were united into one under Conftantine. Afterwards, as their power was increased, fo was their number alfo; and th was one appointed for the court, another Thrace, another for the Eaft, and another for lyria. They were afterwards called comites, coun and clariffimi. Their power was only a branch that of the præfectus prætorii, who by that mea became a civil officer. (17.) MASTER OF THE MINT was anciently t title of him who is now called WARDEN OF T MINT; whofe office is to receive the filver a bullion which comes to the mint to be coin and to take care thereof. The office of mal and worker is now diftin&t; and this officer is lowed for himself and three clerks 650l. a-year (18.) MASTER OF THE OFFICES, [magifter ciorum,] had the fuperintendance of all the offic of the court: he was alfo called magifter officii latini: fimply magifter; and his poft magisteria This officer was the fame in the western emp with the curopalates in the eastern. (19.) MASTER OF THE ORDNANCE. See O NANCE, V. (20.) MASTER OF THE REVELS, an officer w an appointment of 100l a-year, whose busines to order all things relating to the performance plays, mafques, balls, &c. at court. Forme he had also a jurifdiction of granting licences all who travel to act plays, puppet-thews, or like diverfions; neither could any new play acted at either of the two houses till it had paf his perufal and licence; but thefe powers w afterwards much abridged, not to say annihilat by a ftatute for regulating playhouses, till the cenfing plays by the lord chamberlain was el blifhed. This officer has a yeoman with L.4 11: 8 a-year. (21.) MASTER OF THE ROLLS, a patent offic for life; who has the cuftody of the rolls and tents which pass the great feal, and of the recor of the chancery. In the abfence of the lord cha cellor or keeper, he alfo fits as judge in the co of chancery; and is by Sir Edwark Coke call his affiftant. He hears caufes in the rolls ch pel, and makes orders and decrees. He is al the first of the mafters of chancery, and has the affiftance at the rolls: but all hearings before hi are appealable to the lord chancellor. He has fo his writ of fummons to parliament, and f next to the lord chief justice of England on t fecond woolpack. Hs has the keeping of the pa liament rolls, and has the rolls-houfe for his hal tation; as alfo the cuftody of all charters, paten commiffions, deeds, and recognizances, whi being made of rolls of parchment gave rise to t name. Anciently he was called clerk of the rol Concerning the authority of the mafter of the rol to hear and determine caufes, and his general pow er in the court of chancery, there were (not mar years ago) divers queftions and difputes very warn ly agitated; to quiet which it was declared b ftat. 3 Geo. II. cap. 30. that all orders and d crees by him made, except fuch as by the court of the court were appropriated to the great fe alone, fhould be deemed valid; fubject neverthe lefs to be difcharged or altered by the lord char cellor, and fo as they fhall not be inrolled till th fame are figned by his lordship. In his gift an the fix clerks in chancery, the examiners, thr clerk cets of the petty bag, and the fix clerks of the chapel where the rolls are kept. See CLERK, ROLLS, &C. The mafter of the rolls is al Ways of the privy council; and his office is of pot though much fhort of what it has been. MASTER OF THE TEMPLE. The foundadder of the templars, and all his fuccefin, walled magni templi magiftri; and ever fitfolution of the order, the fpiritual pada director of the house is called by that, See TEMPLE, N° 7, and TEMPLARS. The were alfo feveral other officers under this sation, as mafter of the wardrobe, with a focol. a-year; mafter of the barriers, wal a-year; mafter of the ftag-hounds, la-year; mafter of the jewel office, &c. ww abolished. MASTERS OF CHANCERY, are ufually choout of the barrifters of the common law; and, in chancery, or at the rolls, as afsistants to the chancellor and the mafter of the rolls, Alt fo late as the reign of Q. Elizabeth, were only doctors of the civil law. To them are committed interlocutory reports, examination s in chancery, ftating of accounts, taxing tak, &c. and fometimes, by way of reference, are empowered to make a final determination cafes. They have, time out of mind, had the our to fit in the house of lords, though they se seither writs nor patent to empower them; they are received as affiftants to the lord chanJer and the mafter of the rolls. They had any the care of infpecting all writs of fummons, ich is now performed by the clerk of the petty When any message is fent from the lords to Commons, it is carried by the mafters of ery. Before them alfo affidavits are made, Seeds and recognizances acknowledged. Bethefe, who may be called mafters of chancery, mary, being 12 in number, whereof the mafter rolls is reputed the chief, there are also, 14) MASTERS OF CHANCERY EXTRAORDINAi, appointed to act in the feveral counties of and beyond 10 miles diftance from London, aking affidavits, recognizances, &c. for the of the fuitors of the court. Shak. T MASTER. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To mer to; to rule; to govern.Kather father thee, than mafter thee. To conquer; to overpower; to fubdue.— The blefied they that mafter fo their blood, To undergo fuch maiden pilgrimage. Shak. -The princes of Germany did not think him to command the empire, who was neither t to rule his infolent fubjects in England, nor this rebellious people in Ireland. Davies.comes fome third party, that mafers both and defendant, and carries away the . L'EArange. Pale as fires when mafter'd by the light. Dryd. -Obinacy and wilful neglects must be maflered, though it coft blows. Locke.-A man can no sore july make use of another's neceffity, than that has more ftrength can feize upon a weakafer him to his obedience, and, with a dagat his throat, offer him death or flavery Locke. -Evil cuftoms must be mastered and fubdued by degrees. Calamy 3. To execute with fkill.—I will not offer at that I cannot mafter. Bacon. * MASTERDOM. n. . [from mafter.] Dominion; rule. Not in ufe. This night's great business, -Shall to all our nights and days to come Give folely fovereign fway and mafterdom. Mach. * MASTER-HAND. n. f. The hand of a man eminently skilful. Mufic resembles poetry, in each Hudibras Are nameless graces which no methods teach, And which a mafler-hand alone can reach. Pope. MASTER JEST. n. f. Principal jeft.Who fhall break the mafter-jeft, And what, and how, upon the rest. * MASTER-KEY. n. The key which opens many locks, of which the fubordinate keys open only one.This master-key Frees every lock, and leads us to his person. Dryden. * MASTERLESS. adj. [from mafter.] 1. Want ing a mafter or owner. When all was paft he took his forlornweed, His filver fhield now idle mafterlefs. F. Queen. The foul opinion You had of her pure honour, gains, or loses, Your fword or mine; or maßlerless leave both To who fhall find them. Shaka 2. Ungoverned; unfubdued. * MASTERLINESS. n. f. [from masterly.] Eminent skill. 1 MASTER-LOAD. n. f. in mining, a term ufed to exprefs the larger vein of a metal in places where there are feveral veins in the fame hill. Thus it often happens, that there are 7, fometimes 5, but more ufually 3 veins or loads, parallel to each other, in the fame hill. Of thefe the middle vein is always much the largeft. This is called the master-load; and the others which lie 3, 2, or 1 on each fide of this, are called the concomitants of the mafter-load. (1.)* MASTERLY. adv. With the fkill of a mafterThou doft speak masterly. Shak. -I read a book; I think it very mufterly written. Swift, (2.)* MASTERLY. adj. [from mafter.] 1. Suitable to a mafter; artful; fkilful.-As for the warmth of fancy, the mafterly figures, and the copiousness of imagination, he has exceeded all others. Dryd. That clearer ftrokes of masterly defign, Of wife contrivance, and of judgment shine, In all the parts of nature; we affert, Than in the brightest works of human art. Blackmore. -A man either discovers new beauties, or receives ftronger impreffions from the masterly strokes of a great author every time he perules him. Spectator. 2. Imperious; with the fway of a mafter. MASTERPIECE. n. f. [mafter and piece.] 1. Capital performance; any thing done or made with extraordinary fkill.-This is the masterpiece and moft excellent part of the work of reformation, and is worthy of his majefty. Davies.— 'Tis done; and 'twas my masterpiece, to work My |