the general principles of internal religion, which it establishes

-From the conditions on which alone it proposes the forgive-

ness of transgressions-From the connexion it points out be-

tween the ceremonies of the ritual and internal religion-

Recapitulation

. 130

LECT. III.

MORAL PRINCIPLES, &c.—CONTINUED.

The penal code of the Jewish Law conformable to its moral and

religious system-Capital crimes-Idolatry, and the various

crimes connected with it-Strict prohibition of human sacri-

fices-Supplementary sanctions, presupposing a special Pro-

vidence-Jewish constitution a theocracy-Severity against

idolatry justified-Jewish Law prohibits all impurity-Yet not

unnaturally austere-Disobedience to parents, how punished-

Wisdom of the Mosaic Law, respecting murder and man-

slaughter-With respect to slavery-And false witnesses-

Principle of retaliation explained-Equity of punishment for

the invasion of property-Mildness of Laws towards slaves-

Form of trial-Consistence of the religious and penal code

. 146

LECT. IV.

POLITICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE JEWISH LAW.

Importance of the mode in which property is distributed in a state

-Agrarian Law of Lycurgus, &c.-Defects of the Spartan

constitution in this point-Agrarian Law among the Jews-

How guarded-Promoted agriculture and attachment to rural

life-Jewish nobility and gentry-Jewish yeomanry sufficient

for defensive war-Offensive wars effectually discouraged by

the Jewish constitution-Constitution of the tribe of Levi pe-

culiar to the Jewish scheme-Its great utility-Jewish Law

guarded the rights and comforts of the very lowest classes-

Of the stranger-The poor-The aged and infirm- Recapitula-

Importance of the question, Whether the Jewish Ritual is opposed

to the system of heathen worship, or in any degree borrowed

from it? The latter improbable, if Judaism is of divine ori-

ginal-Spencer's opinion-grounded on supposed political wis-

dom of such a proceeding-Examples he adduces-mistaken as

to these examples-as to reformation from Judaism to Christi-

anity-and from Gentilism to Christianity-Attempt to accom-

modate Christianity to pre-existing customs, &c.-Its mischiefs

-Reformation from Popery to Protestantism-Spencer's opi-

nion contrary to Scripture-Parts of the Jewish Ritual more

ancient than Moses-Origin of circumcision-Designed con-

trast between Judaism and idolatry-Jewish Ritual a barrier

against idolatry, proved by experience-Josephus-Tacitus-

Spencer's opinion supported by insufficient evidence-How far

Judaism resembles idolatry-Instances of contrast-Minute-

ness of Ritual, how useful-and its sanctuary, priests, &c.-

Ritual not burthensome

176

PART III.

REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF JUDAISM AS PREPARATORY TO'

CHRISTIANITY.

LECT. I.

SETTLEMENT OF THE JEWS IN CANAAN.

SECT. I.-The objection arising from the treatment of the Ca-

naanites considered, so far as relates to the Canaanites them-

selves-Objection includes two questions-Doubt as to the

extent of the severity exercised against the Canaanites-This

severity justified by their crimes-Their idolatry not an error of

judgment alone-Cruelties and pollutions it produced-Neces-

sity of expelling them from the land in which the Jews were

to settle Their guilt incorrigible-The objection proved to

lead to Atheism-Analogy between the general course of Pro-

vidence, and the treatment of the Canaanites-In the suffer-

ings of the innocent-Connexion of this measure with the

entire scheme of the divine economy-Review of the considera-

tions offered on the first part of the objection

SECT. II.-Second part of the objection which relates to the Jews

-A clear divine command changes the moral character of the

action-Jews mere instruments in the hands of God-Series of

facts proving this-Jews not actuated by the common passions

of conquerors-Avarice and licentiousness checked by the situ-

ation in which they were placed-And sanguinary passions-

Abhorrence of idolatry impressed upon them, but not a spirit

of personal or national hostility-Proved by their conduct to

the Canaanites-Necessity of employing the Jews as instru-

192

ments of this severity-To alienate the two nations-To over-

turn the grand support of idolatry-To impress a salutary terror

on the Jews themselves-To supersede the necessity of a con-

tinued series of miracles-Treatment of the Amalekites-Na-

ture of their crime-Connexion of their punishment with the

general scheme of the Jewish dispensation-General answer to

all objections of this kind-This dispensation did not encourage

a spirit of general persecution or conquest-Care taken it should

not harden the hearts of the Jews-General laws of war among

the Jews merciful-Great care to encourage a spirit of huma-

nity-Conclusion

192

LECT. II.

CONDUCT OF THE JEWS.

SECT. I.-Objection against the reality of the Mosaic miracles de-

rived from the frequent idolatries of the Jews, invalid-These

idolatries did not prove any doubt of the divine original of the

Mosaic Law First species of idolatry by forbidden symbols,

&c.-Whence so frequent-Implied acknowledgment of Jeho-

vah-Second species of idolatrous worship, in forbidden places

and with idolatrous rites, implied the same-Third species, wor-

ship of idols with Jehovah-Whence-Fourth, worship of idols

without God-Yet not an absolute denial of God, or rejection

of his worship-Defects and apostasies of the Jews confirm the

certainty of a divine interposition, rather than weaken it-Ob-

jection against the divine economy, from the temptations they

were exposed to, unreasonable-Residence of Jews in Egypt

considered-And the temptations from the surrounding Canaan-

ites-Degree and duration of the divine interposition suited to

the analogy of nature-Mr Gibbon accuses the Jews, falsely,

of being indifferent spectators of the most amazing miracles - 226

SECT. II.-The conduct or the Jews subsequent to the death of

Joshua, is not inconsistent with the divine original of the Mo-

saic Law-Situation of the Jews under their judges, adapted to

the purposes of the divine economy-Expediency of placing

them in this situation-Severity of the punishment inflicted by

Providence for their offences, no valid objection-Establishment

of the kingly government a confirmation of the authenticity of

the Pentateuch-Why desired by the people---Why permitted

by God-Theocracy preserved under the kings-Illustrates the

nature of the divine control over the Jews-And of the Jewish

character-Both show the credibility of the Jewish idolatries,

notwithstanding the divine original of the Mosaic Law-Sepa-

ration of the ten tribes an apparent objection-Its origin-Ido-

latry of Solomon-Inference from it as to the idolatries of the

Jews-Separation of the two kingdoms, why expedient-How

effected-Its natural tendency-Abused by Jeroboam-Even his

conduct confirms the divine original of the Mosaic Law-Schism

he introduces consistent with that belief-Gave occasion to ma-

nifest the divine Providence in the history of the ten tribes-

Effects of this separation on the two tribes-Instanced in the

history of Abijah-Of Rehoboam-Of Asa-Of Hezekiah-

General reflection on the providential government of the Jews

-On the caution to be exercised in estimating the characters

described in the Old Testament-And the effects of the Jewish

scheme

239

LECT. III.

SANCTIONS OF THE JEWISH LAW.

SECT. I. Objections against the Mosaic Law, from its employing

temporal sanctions-And visiting the iniquities of the fathers on

the children-WARBURTON's opinion on this subject-His work

incomplete-His reasoning not perfectly conclusive-How far I

agree with, and how far I differ from, his opinion-Two conclu-

sions seem true: first, that Moses employed temporal sanctions

in his Law; second, the history of the Old Testament shows

he believed a future state, and contains a gradual development

of it-Moses employed temporal sanctions, both nationally and

individually-This accounted for-From the nature of the Jew-

ish theocracy-Reality of the extraordinary providence exercised

over the Jews proved in this work, without resorting to War-

burton's medium-Temporal sanctions sufficient-Necessary to

confute idolatry-Adapted to the intellectual and moral charac-

ter of the Jews-Best mode of introducing the doctrine of a

future state, with effect-A necessary part of the theocracy—

exemplified to man the principles of God's moral government 264

-

SECT. II.-Visiting the sins of the fathers upon the children—In

what sense to be understood-Not unjust-Necessary in a the-

ocracy, as far as relates to temporal and national punishments—

Chiefly denounced against idolatry-In this case not only just

but merciful-Human tribunals not permitted by the Mosaic

Law, to act upon this principle-Why-Analogous to God's

general providence-A dispensation of mercy rather than seve-

rity-Limited in its extent and application

LECT. IV.

KNOWLEDGE OF A FUTURE LIFE AMONG THE JEWS,

- 280

SECT. I.-Doctrine of a future state, though it does not form the

sanction of the Mosaic Law, is yet contained in the writings of

Moses-Warburton's assertions on this subject, hasty and incon-

sistent with each other-And with the Seventh Article of the

Church of England-Future state intimated in the history of

the creation and the fall-By the circumstances attending the

death of Abel-By the translation of Enoch-By the command

to Abraham to sacrifice Isaac-Future state must have been

known to the Patriarchs, and influenced their conduct-Attested

in the Epistle to the Hebrews-Instanced in the history of

Jacob-Of Moses-By our Lord's reply to the doubts of the

Sadducees-The declaration of Balaam-Future state an object

of popular belief among the Jews-From the laws relating to

necromancers, &c.
- 288

SECT. II.-Doctrine of a future state, why not more clearly and

frequently inculcated in the Pentateuch-Or under the Judges

-Gradual improvement of the Jews-Future state gradually

promulgated suitably to this improvement-By David, in Ps. xvi.

xvii. xxxvi. xlix. ciii. cxv. cxxxix.-By Solomon, in Proverbs,

passim, particularly in ch. iv. viii. xiv. xxiv.: Still more fully in

Ecclesiastes, of which work this doctrine is the basis, particu-

larly in ch. iii. viii. xi. and at the conclusion of the book-How

further impressed on the Jews by miraculous facts-By three

resurrections from the dead-By the translation of Elijah-This

doctrine frequently intimated, and gradually taught with the

greatest clearness by the Prophets-Isaiah Jeremiah-Ezekiel

-Hosea Joel Amos-Nahum-And above all, Daniel-And

also in the book of Job

-

308

LECT. V.

EFFECTS OF JUDAISM ON THE GENTILES.

SECT. I.-Objection to Judaism, first from its being confined to a

single nation-Secondly, from its implying mutability in God,

as being opposed to Christianity-Answer to the first-Judaism

not confined in its effects to one nation, but intended, through

the instrumentality of the Jews, to enlighten mankind-This

effect foreseen and attended to in the Jewish scheme-Various

instances to show this-Solomon's prayer at the consecration of

the temple establishes the same inference-The miracles wrought

for the Jews made a strong impression on the Egyptians-On

the Canaanites-On the Philistines-On the heathens in the

reign of Solomon-But counteracted by the principles of idolatry

-Instanced in the history of the Samaritans-Who were how-

ever prepared by Judaism for Christianity-Effects produced by

Judaism on the heathens during the Captivity-Instanced in the

history of Jeremiah-Of Daniel-Of his three friends-Of

Belshazzar-Of Cyrus-These facts publicly attested-Impor-

tance of such attestations-Traces of these effects in the East-

Traces of the same effects in the religion of Zoroaster-Of Ma-