dignity, which, blending with our other excellences, helps to swell this grateful emotion of self-importance. When, instead of material implements, other men become the instruments of our will, the range of our power is at once indefinitely extended; and it is in the desire to gain sway over our fellowcreatures, whether by intellectual labour, by eloquence, by literary work, or by military force, that the passion is seen in its most striking forms; and it is in success in these directions that the emotion assumes its most luxuriant and its most dangerous character.

EMOTIONS OF CHANGE, AND OF INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY.-The mental states of novelty, surprise, and wonder, called by Dr. Bain, feelings of relativity, also play an important part in this department of the mind. The agreeable feeling of novelty is a particular instance of the pleasure due to exercise of the mental energies in general. The enjoyment of every activity is highest whilst fresh, and gradually tones down as the faculty becomes habituated to the action of the stimulus. Accordingly, transition from the exertion of one power to that of another, or even variation in the quality of a mental state must, ceteris paribus, be agreeable. Since the number of possible experiences is limited and the list of absolute novelties soon exhausted, the advantage of change in employments is obvious. The recurrence of a former

Dr. Bain's discussion of the emotions is decidedly the ablest part of his work, although, even here, his erroneous philosophical views often seriously lessen the value of his analysis.

mental state after an interval of time may be attended with almost as much pleasure as that of its first appearance; and occasionally, as in the case of old familiar tunes, previous acquaintance largely en-' riches the emotion.

In surprise there is something in addition to novelty. In the latter state there is change, in the former there is besides a certain shock of unexpectedness. Practically, of course, the two feelings shade into each other-marked novelties producing surprise; but the characteristic feature of the latter state is the temporary perturbation' of the movement of thought, owing to the sudden appearance of an unlooked-for idea which does not at once coalesce with the existing current. In itself such a dislocation would be disagreeable rather than the reverse, but the pleasure springing from a fresh energy prevents surprise being classed as a universally painful state. Dr. Bain allots it to his group of so-called "neutral" feelings.

I

Wonder is a more complex emotion than surprise. It requires a certain magnitude or greatness as well* as strangeness in the new event, which causes a failure of the effort to understand or classify that event with our past experiences. When the novel object is of such a completely unfamiliar kind as to convince us that it is beyond our comprehension,' the mind is thrown into a condition of conscious stupefaction, which is the purest form of astonishment. The soul, however, cannot long persist in such an attitude, and the natural inclination of the intellect impels it to try and bring this occur

rence into harmony with others which we have observed. The native tendency of the mind to exert its powers when thus stimulated by the enigmatic, is the essentially rational attribute of curiosity. It is scarcely too much to say that this impulse holds a similarly important position in the domain of knowledge with that possessed by the instinct of self-preservation in the kingdom of physical life.7

Akin to the emotions just mentioned are those. states which have sometimes been called intellectual feelings. Chief among them are the logical feelings of consistency and contradiction. These states are essentially cognitional; but pleasure or pain forms such a very prominent ingredient that the term feeling is frequently applied to them. They afford the best example of strictly intellectual sentiments, and are of a spiritual or supra-sensuous character. The consciousness of the irreconcilability of apparently independent cognitions is distinctly disagreeable. We are dimly aware of an internal state of strain or contention; and we cannot rest till we effect agreement between the discordant forces. The discovery of new truth, the bringing of fresh facts under old generalizations, at once satiates the intellectual yearning for unity and gratifies our sense of power. There is a very real joy in detecting hitherto unperceived relations of similarity, whether

7 Aristotle, Metaph. Bk. I. c. ii. teaches that Wonder is the startingpoint of Philosophy. Plato, Plutarch, Bacon, and other thoughtful minds have loved to dwell on the importance of this mental state. Modern positivists are found to adopt a contemptuous tone in speaking on the subject, but one is surprised to discover such superficiality in Mill.

it be in the solution of a mathematical problem, the discovery of a law of physics, the invention of a happy metaphor, or the guessing of a riddle.

This kind of enjoyment is one of the main elements in the higher species of those pleasures which constitute the emotions of pursuit. This term has been employed to denote the agreeable excitement attendant on certain kinds of out-door sport, games of chance, and interest in the plot of a novel. There is in such exercises novelty, the satisfaction due to the play of our faculties, and a pleasing interest aroused by the uncertainty of the result, which gives much food to imagination and intellect. If the stake is very heavy the agreeable character of the excitement disappears, and the state of doubt, resulting in anxiety and fear, may become extremely painful.

ESTHETIC EMOTIONS.-Another class of feelings which have been much studied by modern psychologists are the asthetic emotions. The chief of these are the sentiments awakened by the contemplation of the Beautiful and the Sublime. Ontology is the branch of Philosophy to which the problem of the nature and objective conditions of Beauty properly belongs. But since the middle of last century discussion on this special subject has been so continuous that there has grown up a portentous body of speculation claiming the title of the Science of Esthetics. In this psycho

8 The reader desirous of acquiring a thorough acquaintance with this branch of knowledge will find an able and exhaustive treatment of the subject in the erudite work by J. Jungmann, S.J., Esthetik, 2 vols. (Freiburg).

logical treatise we will seek to analyze briefly the feelings aroused by the perception of the Beautiful, the Sublime, and the Ludicrous, and to point out the chief features in these realities themselves.

The epithet beautiful is applied to such widely different things as a sunset, a human face, a flower, a landscape, a musical symphony, a greyhound, a poem, a piece of architecture; and there may be awakened pleasing emotions by the consideration of any of these objects. The first and essential property, then, of beauty is that it pleases. In most cases

the satisfaction aroused involves two elements-the one sensuous, the other intellectual. The lower is

the result partly of the harmonious action of an external organic faculty, such as sight or hearing, partly of that of the imagination. Thus we describe particular hues as beautiful, certain sounds as charming, and in many of the examples just mentioned the important part played by the quality of the organic stimulus is evident.

Along with this satisfaction due to sensation, there is also usually an element of gratification dependent on the exercise of the imagination. We have already shown in our chapter on the development of sensuous perception what a large part the reproductive activity of consciousness plays even in seemingly simple cognitions, such as those of a house or of a tree. Consequently, the pleasure of the effect must be attributed to the agreeable operation of both the presentative and the representative faculties of the lower order. The combined energies of the external and internal senses are thus of themselves