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of 35 idioms spoken in Mexico. The Imperial Dictionary,* compiled at the instance of the Empress Catherine, which was published in the year 1787, contains a list of 285 words, translated into 51 European, and 149 Asiatic languages. A second edition of this work, in which the words are arranged alphabetically, appeared in 1790-91, in 4 vols., edited by Jankiewitsch de Miriemo. This edition contains, according to some, 279 languages; 171 for Asia, 55 for Europe, 30 for Africa, and 23 for America. The authors. of the Mithridates increased the number of known languages and dialects to 2,000; which Friedrich Adelung augmented to 3,066, geographically distributed as follows:

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The numbers of those who speak the different languages made use of in America are thus distributed. English, 11,647,000; Spanish, 10,174,000; Portuguese, 3,740,000; Indian, 7,593,000; French, 1,242,000; Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Russian, 216,000.||

With respect to the number of words contained in some of the principal languages, in the following, I can only give the approximate number. The Arabic contains about 150,000; the Hindústání, 18,000; the Sanskrit, 27,000; the Malay, 13,000;¶ the Puk'hto or Pus❜hto, 22,000 ;** the Egyptian, 4,000; the Armenian, 30,000; the Turkish, 50,000; the Mandchu, 16,000; the Latin,

* Glossarium Comparativum Linguarum totius Orbis. Petersb., 1787.

+ According to Pott (Ungleichheit, p. 230), it contains 277 languages; 185 for Asia, 22 for Europe, 28 for Africa, 15 for America. This would make 280. Max Müller. [It would rather add up 250. R. S. C.]

Ubersicht aller bekannten Sprachen und ihrer Dialekte, von Friedrich Adelung, 8vo, pp. xiv 186. St. Petersb., 1820.

§ About twenty of the Italian dialects have been reduced to writing, and made known to the press. The dialects of France are almost as numerous as her provinces. Languedoc alone has seven or eight distinct dialects.-Champollion-Figeac reckons the most distinguishable dialects of France at fourteen. The number of modern Greek dialects is carried by some as high as seventy. (Cf. Marsh, p. 678; Sir John Stoddart's Glossology, s. 31, and p. 29 and 33.) The principal British dialects are those of Norfolk and Suffolk, Kent, Durham, Gloucestershire, Essex, Yorkshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Dorset, Sussex, Devonshire, Warwickshire, Cornwall, Derbyshire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, Sheffield, Shropshire, Lancashire, Somersetshire, Cheshire, Northumberland, Craven, and the Scottish dialect.

Encyc. Amer. (Lieber); Phil., 1829.

Marsden's Dictionary gives about 6,000; Crawfurd's about 13,000; which includes many proper names.

** Larramendi, in his day, gave the number at 13,365 only.

40,000; the medieval Latin, 100,000; the Greek, 89,000; the Spanish, 25,000; the Italian, 50,000; the French, 42,000; the Gaelic, 23,000; the Irish, 50,000; the Welsh, 40,000; the Russian, 40,000; the Polish, 24,000; the Anglo-Saxon, 25,000. Flügel, in 1843, estimated the number of German words in his own dictionary at 94,464, of which 65,085 were simple, 29,379 compound. Thommerel gave the number of words in the English dictionaries of Robertson and Webster as 43,566, 29,853 of which he derives from Classical, 13,230 from Teutonic (Anglo-Saxon), and the rest from miscellaneous sources. Todd's edition of Johnson, however, is said to contain 58,000 words, and the later editions of Webster, which contain the particles of the present and perfect, have reached 70,000 ;* but, if every word were included, the number would probably now exceed 80,000. The Hebrew words in the Old Testament amount to 5,643. The Hindí has exactly 6,000 words;† the languages of the Marquesas and the Sandwich Islands, 6,123; the Provençal, 107,201. The cuneiform inscriptions of Persia contain no more than 379 words, of which 131 are proper names. The vocabulary of the ancient sages of Egypt, as far as it is known to us from the hieroglyphic inscriptions (as given by Bunsen), amounts to about 658 words. The number of hieroglyphic groups in Sharpe's Egyptian Hieroglyphics (1861), amounted to 2,030. There are about 450 radicals or sounds in the Chinese language, which by various accents and intonations are raised to 1,263.‡ Mr. Crawfurd § says an examination of 4,074 radical words of the dictionary shows that the Malay language is composed of the following lingual elements :-Native Malay words, 2,003; common to the Malay and Javanese, 1,040; Sanskrit, 199; Telinga, 23; Arabic, 160; Persian, 30; Portuguese, 19. He says, further, an examination of the Malay, including its foreign elements, shows that, out of 1,000 words, 285 are common to it and the Javanese; and a similar

Cf. Marsh's Lectures, p. 182; and Max Müller, p. 271. + Cf. Dr. Hunter's Hindústání Dictionary.

The exact number of words contained in the Imperial Dictionary of Khanghi amounts to 42,718. About one-fourth part has become obsolete, and one-half of the rest may be considered of rare occurrence, thus leaving only about 15,000 words in actual use. The number of the classical characters is 42,718, but many of them are no longer in use in the modern language. (Stanislas Julien.) Cf. Müller.

§ Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language, by John Crawfurd, F.R.S. 8vo, London, 1852. At vol. i, p. 73, speaking of the whole body of the language, he says it contains 516 words from the Sanskrit; 750 from the Arabic; 95 from the Persian; 40 from Tâlugu or Telinga; and 37 from Portuguese. He says, further, that the earliest example of Malay is the Vocabulary of Pigafetta, in 1521, which contains 344 words only, 270 of which can be readily ascertained to be the same language as that spoken at the present day.

one of the Javanese, that 240 out of 1,000 are common to it and the Malay; and that of the Malay 715 parts, and of the Javanese 760, appear to be native.

Professor Müller tells us that Sanskrit grammarians have reduced the whole growth of their language to 1,706 roots;* but he is of opinion that the primitive sounds expressive of different meanings requisite for the etymological analysis of the whole Sanskrit dictionary would not amount to one-third of that number, and he doubts whether they may not be reduced even to 500 words; that Renant has reduced the Hebrew to about the same number; and that Benloew‡ estimates the necessary radicals of Gothic at 600, and of modern German at 250. The Latin primitives contained in the Index Etymologicus of Gesner's Thesaurus, amount to 2,400;§ but, as I have before said, they may be reduced to some 900 or 1,000 words. The Greek primitives given by MM. Port Royal amount to 2,200, but might, perhaps, be reduced to about 1,200.

The following tabular form gives the proportions of vowels and consonants in some of the principal languages.¶

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See Encyc. Amer. (Lieber), Phil.; 1830, in voc. "Consonants". Those marked with are counted phonically.

1.33 1

1

orthographic 1.27: 1

1

1

orthographic 1.52 : 1

1.64 1

1

orthographic 164 1

216

THE INFLUENCE OF RACE ON ART.*

THE relationship of race to art is part of a larger subject, the connection of organization with mental manifestations, a great problem, involving in its profounder bearings some of the most important questions which can be submitted to our investigation. As a sphere of almost untried inquiry it opens up to us vast realms of possibility, in which the discoveries of exact science have yet to supersede the vague and unsatisfactory hypothesis of ill-informed speculation. In truth it is a province of vast extent, and with manifold subdivisions. Descending on one side to the minute specialties of individual development, as expounded by the phrenologists, it ascends on the other to the effect of racial type on national character. Nor does it stop here. For if organization be a reliable index of mental power, then are we enabled, through its aid, to pass beyond the limits of our own especial form of being, and, guided by their structure, proceed to admeasure the qualities and capabilities of the various genera, orders, and classes which compose the manifold gradations of the animal kingdom. Indeed till this has been accomplished comparative anatomy will be imperfect, and lack its crowning glory, as a revealer of beauty and harmony-not only in the organic, but also in the mental sphere as correlated to it. Without, however, at present entering into this department of the subject, which would indeed ultimately lead us up into the metaphysical region of abstract thought, where mind and matter, God and nature, constitute the subject of debate, we shall not perhaps be thought to unduly transcend the appropriate limits of this journal by a few remarks on racial type and mental power.

The venerable controversy respecting the effects of nature and education seems to be of almost world-old antiquity, and men, according to their several proclivities, have arranged themselves on the one side or the other, and probably on each have carried their respective views to excess. The savans, perhaps, exaggerating the importance of natural endowment, have somewhat undervalued the influence of

*History of Modern Architecture; with an Appendix on Ethnology from an Architectural Point of View. By James Fergusson. London: John Murray, 1862. 12mo, pp. 538.

circumstances, while the scholars altogether overestimating the force of circumstances have practically ignored the existence of inherent powers and disqualifications. And thus it has come to pass that history is what we find it, for the bookmen have hitherto possessed the monopoly of its composition, and have accordingly converted it into a chronicle of events, whereto the actors are regarded as quite subordinate accessories. Many signs, however, indicate that the days of this pleasant pedantry are ended, and that the time has come for looking the facts of race fairly in the face. Indeed the very revolutions and wars with which we are cotemporary, bring the question of hereditary type and character so forcibly into view, that not only are able editors becoming smartly ethnological in their leaders, but venerable statesmen and astute diplomatists are beginning to admit that the decisions of cabinets are not the sole influences which modify the destiny of nations. And, accordingly, in addition to their own sage opinion as to the fitness of things from the court standpoint, are prepared to regard racial tendency as one of the active and influential forces in the political scheme. Nor can this idea fail to grow, for it is supported by the whole past and the entire present of our race. Whether we regard the grander divisions or the minor varieties of man, it is found that type has combined with circumstances to modify civilization, and give it a character not simply geographical, but also racial. Thus no one at all acquainted with history and antiquities would expect the devout Semites to exhibit characteristics identical with those of the intellectual Aryans; nor will any one familiar with the latter attempt to confound them with their religious converts, the Tamul peoples of the south. It is the same in Europe, where the ancient classic type stands broadly distinguished from Sclavon or Teuton, as both of these, in an almost equal degree, are separated from the Celt. Nor are these distinctions perceived only by professed Ethnologists; they are equally seen and acted on by practical men, by the merchant in his adventures, the sailor in his voyages, and the soldier in his wars; and are indeed as well known to the simplest private as to his superior officers. Nay, it is practical men, not theorizing anthropologists, who are prone to carry out these distinctions into the rather stern and tyrannical result of caste, as we see wherever the negro and Caucasian, under whatever nominal relationship, actually meet face to face on the great highways of life. Nor can this be otherwise; for as diversity of race is a fact in nature, it will force an acknowledgment of its existence, whether from the most careless or most prejudiced,

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